nefrНефрологияNephrology (Saint-Petersburg)1561-62742541-9439Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University10.24884/1561-6274-2008-12-4-28-35nefr-1129Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEWS AND LECTURESСОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ОКСАЛАТНОГО НЕФРОЛИТИАЗАCURRENT METHODS OF MODELING OF OXALATE NEPHROLYTHIASISЖариковА. Ю.GaricovA. U.

кафедра фармакологии

БрюхановВ. М.BruhanovV. M.

кафедра фармакологии

ЗверевЯ. Ф.ZverevYa. F.

кафедра фармакологии

656038, г.Барнаул, пр.Ленина, 40; тел. (3852) 26-08-35

zver@asmu.ruЛампатовВ. В.LampatovV. V.

кафедра фармакологии

Алтайский государственный медицинский университет, г.БарнаулRussian Federation2008100420081242835Copyright © Жариков А.Ю., Брюханов В.М., Зверев Я.Ф., Лампатов В.В., 20082008Жариков А.Ю., Брюханов В.М., Зверев Я.Ф., Лампатов В.В.Garicov A.U., Bruhanov V.M., Zverev Y.F., Lampatov V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/1129

Настоящий обзор литературы посвящен современным методам моделирования оксалатного нефролитиаза. На сегодняшний день наиболее актуальными являются этиленгликолевая и гидроксипролиновая модели оксалатного нефролитиаза в различных вариациях. Кроме того, существуют методики, в которых в качестве основных реагентов выступают растворы оксалат-иона в сочетании с нефротоксичными веществами. Иногда нефролитиаз моделируют при помощи имплантированных под кожу мининасосов, которые напрямую дозируют в кровоток экспериментальных животных раствор щавелевой кислоты; а также путем резекции части тонкого кишечника. При моделировании оксалатного нефролитиаза важное внимание уделяется подбору лабораторных животных. Чаще всего используют нормальных крыс различных линий, а также крыс с врожденной гиперкальциурией. При этом предпочтительно использование самцов животных, поскольку у них вероятность развития нефролитиаза выше, чем у самок.

This literature review deals with modern methods of oxalate nephrolythiasis modeling. For this day the most actual models of oxalate are ethilenglicolic and hydroxyproline nephrolythiasis in various modifications. Besides that, there are methods in which as a basic agents act the solutions of oxalate-ion in combination with nephrotoxic agents. Sometimes nephrolythiasis is modeled with the use of intercuteneous minipumps, which directly doze into the blood stream of experimental animal models the oxalate sorrel solution; and also by resection of the part of small bowel. In modeling of the oxalate nephrolythiasis great attention is given to the animal models choice. More often the normal rats of various lines are used, and also the rats with congenital hypercalciuria. Also, it is preferable to use the male animals, because of the possibility of nephrolythiasis development is higher than in female animals.

моделирование нефролитиазаэтиленгликольоксалат ионnephrolythiasis modelingethilenglicoloxalate ionReferencesВощула ВИ. Мочекаменная болезнь: этиотропное и патогенетическое лечение, профилактика: Монография. Мн.: ВЭВЭР, 2006; 268Вощула ВИ. Мочекаменная болезнь: этиотропное и патогенетическое лечение, профилактика: Монография. Мн.: ВЭВЭР, 2006; 268Debray C, Vaille C, Fiehrer A et al. Experimental disease due to paired stresses. Humoral and visceral disturbances induced by tween 80 in rats with experimental oxalate nephritis caused by ethylene glycol. J Physiol (Paris)1964; 56: 707-726Debray C, Vaille C, Fiehrer A et al. Experimental disease due to paired stresses. Humoral and visceral disturbances induced by tween 80 in rats with experimental oxalate nephritis caused by ethylene glycol. J Physiol (Paris)1964; 56: 707-726Vaille C, Debray C, Martin E et al. On experimental ethylene glycol renal lithiasis in young rats before weaning. Ann Pharm Fr 1963; 21: 201-206Vaille C, Debray C, Martin E et al. On experimental ethylene glycol renal lithiasis in young rats before weaning. Ann Pharm Fr 1963; 21: 201-206Baker PR, Cramer SD, Kennedy M et al. Glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism in HepG2 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287 (5): C1359-1365Baker PR, Cramer SD, Kennedy M et al. Glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism in HepG2 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287 (5): C1359-1365Poore RE, Hurst CH, Assimos DG, Holmes RP. Pathways of hepatic oxalate synthesis and their regulation. Am J Physiol 1997; 272 (1): 289-294Poore RE, Hurst CH, Assimos DG, Holmes RP. Pathways of hepatic oxalate synthesis and their regulation. Am J Physiol 1997; 272 (1): 289-294Thamilselvan S, Hackett RL, Khan SR. Lipid peroxidation in ethylene glycol induced hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1997; 157 (3): 1059-1063Thamilselvan S, Hackett RL, Khan SR. Lipid peroxidation in ethylene glycol induced hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1997; 157 (3): 1059-1063Okada Y, Kawamura J, Nonomura M et al. Experimental and clinical studies on calcium urolithiasis: (I) Animal model for calcium oxalate urolithiasis using ethylene glycol and 1-alpha (OH) D3. Hinyokika Kiyo 1985; 31 (4): 565-577Okada Y, Kawamura J, Nonomura M et al. Experimental and clinical studies on calcium urolithiasis: (I) Animal model for calcium oxalate urolithiasis using ethylene glycol and 1-alpha (OH) D3. Hinyokika Kiyo 1985; 31 (4): 565-577de Water R, Boeve ER, van Miert PP et al. Experimental nephrolithiasis in rats: the effect of ethylene glycol and vitamin D3 on the induction of renal calcium oxalate crystals. Scanning Microsc 1996; 10 (2): 591-601de Water R, Boeve ER, van Miert PP et al. Experimental nephrolithiasis in rats: the effect of ethylene glycol and vitamin D3 on the induction of renal calcium oxalate crystals. Scanning Microsc 1996; 10 (2): 591-601Брюханов ВМ, Зверев ЯФ, Лампатов ВВ и др. Функция почек в условиях экспериментального оксалатного нефролитиаза. Нефрология 2008; 1: 69-74Брюханов ВМ, Зверев ЯФ, Лампатов ВВ и др. Функция почек в условиях экспериментального оксалатного нефролитиаза. Нефрология 2008; 1: 69-74Жариков АЮ, Азарова ОВ, Талалаева ОС и др. Развитие мочекаменной болезни у крыс на фоне длительного применения препарата марены сердцелистной. VI Сибирский физиологический съезд. Тезисы докладов 2008; 1: 135.Жариков АЮ, Азарова ОВ, Талалаева ОС и др. Развитие мочекаменной болезни у крыс на фоне длительного применения препарата марены сердцелистной. VI Сибирский физиологический съезд. Тезисы докладов 2008; 1: 135.Зверев ЯФ, Брюханов ВМ, Талалаева ОС. О роли процессов свободно-радикального окисления в развитии экспериментального нефролитиаза. Нефрология 2008; 1: 58-63Зверев ЯФ, Брюханов ВМ, Талалаева ОС. О роли процессов свободно-радикального окисления в развитии экспериментального нефролитиаза. Нефрология 2008; 1: 58-63Chen DH, Kaung HL, Miller CM et al. Microarray analysis of changes in renal phenotype in the ethylene glycol rat model of urolithiasis: potential and pitfalls. BJU Int 2004; 94 (4): 637-650Chen DH, Kaung HL, Miller CM et al. Microarray analysis of changes in renal phenotype in the ethylene glycol rat model of urolithiasis: potential and pitfalls. BJU Int 2004; 94 (4): 637-650Hadjzadeh MA, Khoei A, Hadjzadeh Z, Parizady M. Ethanolic extract of nigella sativa L seeds on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats. Urol J2007; 4 (2): 86-90Hadjzadeh MA, Khoei A, Hadjzadeh Z, Parizady M. Ethanolic extract of nigella sativa L seeds on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in rats. Urol J2007; 4 (2): 86-90Karadi RV, Gadge NB, Alagawadi KR Savadi RV. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. root-wood on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 105 (1-2): 306-311Karadi RV, Gadge NB, Alagawadi KR Savadi RV. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. root-wood on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 105 (1-2): 306-311Green ML, Hatch M, Freel RW. Ethylene glycol induces hyperoxaluria without metabolic acidosis in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289: F536-F543Green ML, Hatch M, Freel RW. Ethylene glycol induces hyperoxaluria without metabolic acidosis in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289: F536-F543Khan SR. Experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and the formation of human urinary stones. Scanning Microsc 1995; 9 (1): 89-100Khan SR. Experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and the formation of human urinary stones. Scanning Microsc 1995; 9 (1): 89-100Khan SR, Hackett RL. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in the rat: is it a model for human stone disease? A review of recent literature. Scan Electron Microsc 1985; Pt. 2: 759-774Khan SR, Hackett RL. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in the rat: is it a model for human stone disease? A review of recent literature. Scan Electron Microsc 1985; Pt. 2: 759-774Khan SR. Animal models of kidney stone formation: an analysis. World J Urol 1997; 15 (4): 236-243Khan SR. Animal models of kidney stone formation: an analysis. World J Urol 1997; 15 (4): 236-243Khan SR. Crystal-induced inflammation of the kidneys: results from human studies, animal models, and tissue-culture studies. Clin Exp Nephrol 2004; 8 (2): 75-88Khan SR. Crystal-induced inflammation of the kidneys: results from human studies, animal models, and tissue-culture studies. Clin Exp Nephrol 2004; 8 (2): 75-88Khan SR. Role of renal epithelial cells in the initiation of calcium oxalate stones. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2004; 98 (2): e55-e60Khan SR. Role of renal epithelial cells in the initiation of calcium oxalate stones. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2004; 98 (2): e55-e60Khan SR. Renal tubular damage/dysfunction: key to the formation of kidney stones. Urol Res 2006; 34 (2): 86-91Khan SR. Renal tubular damage/dysfunction: key to the formation of kidney stones. Urol Res 2006; 34 (2): 86-91Muthukumar A, Selvan R. Renal injury mediated calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: role of lipid peroxidation. Ren Fail 1997; 19 (3): 401-408Muthukumar A, Selvan R. Renal injury mediated calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: role of lipid peroxidation. Ren Fail 1997; 19 (3): 401-408Scheinman SJ. Nephrolithiasis. Semin Nephrol 1999; 19 (4): 381-388Scheinman SJ. Nephrolithiasis. Semin Nephrol 1999; 19 (4): 381-388de Bruijn WC, Boeve ER, van Run PR et al. Etiology of experimental calcium oxalate monohydrate nephrolithiasis in rats. Scanning Microsc 1994; 8 (3): 541-549de Bruijn WC, Boeve ER, van Run PR et al. Etiology of experimental calcium oxalate monohydrate nephrolithiasis in rats. Scanning Microsc 1994; 8 (3): 541-549de Bruijn WC, Boevй ER, van Run PR et al. Etiology of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats. I. Can this be a model for human stone formation? Scanning Microsc 1995; 9 (1): 103-114de Bruijn WC, Boevй ER, van Run PR et al. Etiology of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats. I. Can this be a model for human stone formation? Scanning Microsc 1995; 9 (1): 103-114de Bruijn WC, Boeve ER, van Run PR et al. Etiology of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats. II. The role of the papilla in stone formation. Scanning Microsc 1995; 9 (1): 115-124de Bruijn WC, Boeve ER, van Run PR et al. Etiology of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in rats. II. The role of the papilla in stone formation. Scanning Microsc 1995; 9 (1): 115-124de Water R, Noordermeer C, van der Kwast TH et al. Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: effect of renal crystal deposition on the cellular composition of the renal. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33 (4): 761-771de Water R, Noordermeer C, van der Kwast TH et al. Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: effect of renal crystal deposition on the cellular composition of the renal. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33 (4): 761-771Laroubi A, Touhami M, Farouk L et al. Prophylaxis effect of Trigonella foenum graecum L. seeds on renal stone formation in rats. Phytother Res 2007; 21 (10): 921-925Laroubi A, Touhami M, Farouk L et al. Prophylaxis effect of Trigonella foenum graecum L. seeds on renal stone formation in rats. Phytother Res 2007; 21 (10): 921-925Touhami M, Laroubi A, Elhabazi K et al. Lemon juice has protective activity in a rat urolithiasis model. BMC Urol 2007; 7:18Touhami M, Laroubi A, Elhabazi K et al. Lemon juice has protective activity in a rat urolithiasis model. BMC Urol 2007; 7:18Atmani F, Slimani Y, Mimouni M et al. Prophylaxis of calcium oxalate stones by Herniaria hirsuta on experimentally induced nephrolithiasis in rats. BJU Int 2003; 92 (1): 137-140Atmani F, Slimani Y, Mimouni M et al. Prophylaxis of calcium oxalate stones by Herniaria hirsuta on experimentally induced nephrolithiasis in rats. BJU Int 2003; 92 (1): 137-140Yamaguchi S, Wiessner JH, Hasegawa AT et al. Study of a rat model for calcium oxalate crystal formation without severe renal damage in selected condition. Int J Urol 2005; 12 (3): 290-298Yamaguchi S, Wiessner JH, Hasegawa AT et al. Study of a rat model for calcium oxalate crystal formation without severe renal damage in selected condition. Int J Urol 2005; 12 (3): 290-298Halabe A, Wong NL, Sutton RA. The effect of verapamil and thiazide in the prevention of renal stone formation. Urol Res 1990; 18 (2): 155-158Halabe A, Wong NL, Sutton RA. The effect of verapamil and thiazide in the prevention of renal stone formation. Urol Res 1990; 18 (2): 155-158Meimaridou E, Lobos E, Hothersall JS. Renal oxidative vulnerability due to changes in mitochondrial-glutathione and energy homeostasis in a rat model of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291 (4): F731-740Meimaridou E, Lobos E, Hothersall JS. Renal oxidative vulnerability due to changes in mitochondrial-glutathione and energy homeostasis in a rat model of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291 (4): F731-740Gambaro G, Valente ML, Zanetti E et al. Mild tubular damage induces calcium oxalate crystalluria in a model of subtle hyperoxaluria: Evidence that a second hit is necessary for renal lithogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17 (8): 2213-2219Gambaro G, Valente ML, Zanetti E et al. Mild tubular damage induces calcium oxalate crystalluria in a model of subtle hyperoxaluria: Evidence that a second hit is necessary for renal lithogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17 (8): 2213-2219Corley RA, Wilson DM, Hard GC et al. Dosimetry considerations in the enhanced sensitivity of male Wistar rats to chronic ethylene glycol-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 228 (2): 165-178Corley RA, Wilson DM, Hard GC et al. Dosimetry considerations in the enhanced sensitivity of male Wistar rats to chronic ethylene glycol-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 228 (2): 165-178Bushinsky DA, Asplin JR, Grynpas MD et al. Calcium oxalate stone formation in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Kidney Int 2002; 61 (3): 975-987Bushinsky DA, Asplin JR, Grynpas MD et al. Calcium oxalate stone formation in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Kidney Int 2002; 61 (3): 975-987Khan SR, Glenton PA, Byer KJ. Modeling of hyperoxaluric calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: experimental induction of hyperoxaluria by hydroxy-L-proline. Kidney Int 2006; 70 (5): 914-923Khan SR, Glenton PA, Byer KJ. Modeling of hyperoxaluric calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: experimental induction of hyperoxaluria by hydroxy-L-proline. Kidney Int 2006; 70 (5): 914-923Khan SR, Glenton PA, Byer KJ. Dietary oxalate and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol 2007; 178 (5): 2191-2196Khan SR, Glenton PA, Byer KJ. Dietary oxalate and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol 2007; 178 (5): 2191-2196Kumar S, Sigmon D, Miller T et al. A new model of nephrolithiasis involving tubular dysfunction/injury. J Urol 1991; 146 (5): 1384-1389Kumar S, Sigmon D, Miller T et al. A new model of nephrolithiasis involving tubular dysfunction/injury. J Urol 1991; 146 (5): 1384-1389Doddola S, Pasupulati H, Koganti B et al. Evaluation of Sesbania grandiflora for antiurolithiatic and antioxidant properties. Nat Med (Tokyo) 2008; 62 (3): 300-307Doddola S, Pasupulati H, Koganti B et al. Evaluation of Sesbania grandiflora for antiurolithiatic and antioxidant properties. Nat Med (Tokyo) 2008; 62 (3): 300-307Park HK, Jeong BC, Sung MK et al. Reduction of oxidative stress in cultured renal tubular cells and preventive effects on renal stone formation by the bioflavonoid quercetin. J Urol 2008; 179 (4): 1620-1626Park HK, Jeong BC, Sung MK et al. Reduction of oxidative stress in cultured renal tubular cells and preventive effects on renal stone formation by the bioflavonoid quercetin. J Urol 2008; 179 (4): 1620-1626Marengo SR, Chen DH, Evan AP et al. Continuous infusion of oxalate by minipumps induces calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis. Urol Res 2006; 34 (3): 200-210Marengo SR, Chen DH, Evan AP et al. Continuous infusion of oxalate by minipumps induces calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis. Urol Res 2006; 34 (3): 200-210Marengo SR, Chen DH, MacLennan GT et al. Minipump induced hyperoxaluria and crystal deposition in rats: a model for calcium oxalate urolithiasis. J Urol 2004; 171 (3): 1304-1308Marengo SR, Chen DH, MacLennan GT et al. Minipump induced hyperoxaluria and crystal deposition in rats: a model for calcium oxalate urolithiasis. J Urol 2004; 171 (3): 1304-1308O’Connor RC, Worcester EM, Evan AP et al. Nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in rats with small bowel resection. Urol Res 2005; 33 (2): 105-115O’Connor RC, Worcester EM, Evan AP et al. Nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in rats with small bowel resection. Urol Res 2005; 33 (2): 105-115Worcester EM, Chuang M, Laven B et al. A new animal model of hyperoxaluria and nephrolithiasis in rats with small bowel resection. Urol Res 2005; 33 (5): 380-382Worcester EM, Chuang M, Laven B et al. A new animal model of hyperoxaluria and nephrolithiasis in rats with small bowel resection. Urol Res 2005; 33 (5): 380-382Hennequin C, Tardivel S, Medetognon J et al. A stable animal model of diet-induced calcium oxalate crystalluria. Urol Res 1998; 26 (1): 57-63Hennequin C, Tardivel S, Medetognon J et al. A stable animal model of diet-induced calcium oxalate crystalluria. Urol Res 1998; 26 (1): 57-63Bushinsky DA, Frick KK, Nehrke K. Genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006; 15 (4): 403-418Bushinsky DA, Frick KK, Nehrke K. Genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006; 15 (4): 403-418Bushinsky DA. Genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1999; 8 (4): 479-488Bushinsky DA. Genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1999; 8 (4): 479-488Hoopes RR Jr, Middleton FA, Sen S et al. Isolation and confirmation of a calcium excretion quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1 in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming congenic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17 (5): 1292-1304Hoopes RR Jr, Middleton FA, Sen S et al. Isolation and confirmation of a calcium excretion quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1 in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming congenic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17 (5): 1292-1304Hoopes RR Jr, Reid R., Sen S et al. Quantitative trait loci for hypercalciuria in a rat model of kidney stone disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14 (7): 1844-1850Hoopes RR Jr, Reid R., Sen S et al. Quantitative trait loci for hypercalciuria in a rat model of kidney stone disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14 (7): 1844-1850Bushinsky DA, Grynpas MD, Asplin JR. Effect of acidosis on urine supersaturation and stone formation in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Kidney Int 2001; 59 (4): 1415-1423Bushinsky DA, Grynpas MD, Asplin JR. Effect of acidosis on urine supersaturation and stone formation in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Kidney Int 2001; 59 (4): 1415-1423Evan AP, Bledsoe SB, Smith SB, Bushinsky DA. Calcium oxalate crystal localization and osteopontin immunostaining in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Kidney Int 2004; 65 (1): 154-161Evan AP, Bledsoe SB, Smith SB, Bushinsky DA. Calcium oxalate crystal localization and osteopontin immunostaining in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats. Kidney Int 2004; 65 (1): 154-161Khan SR, Glenton PA. Calcium oxalate crystal deposition in kidneys of hypercalciuric mice with disrupted type IIa sodium-phosphate cotransporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294 (5): F1109-1115Khan SR, Glenton PA. Calcium oxalate crystal deposition in kidneys of hypercalciuric mice with disrupted type IIa sodium-phosphate cotransporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294 (5): F1109-1115Okada A, Nomura S, Higashibata Y et al. Successful formation of calcium oxalate crystal deposition in mouse kidney by intraabdominal glyoxylate injection. Urol Res 2007; 35 (2): 89-99Okada A, Nomura S, Higashibata Y et al. Successful formation of calcium oxalate crystal deposition in mouse kidney by intraabdominal glyoxylate injection. Urol Res 2007; 35 (2): 89-99Clark JS, Vandorpe DH, Chernova MN et al. Species differences in Cl- affinity and in electrogenicity of SLC26A6-mediated oxalate/Cl- exchange correlate with the distinct human and mouse susceptibilities to nephrolithiasis. J Physiol 2008: 586 (5): 1291-1306Clark JS, Vandorpe DH, Chernova MN et al. Species differences in Cl- affinity and in electrogenicity of SLC26A6-mediated oxalate/Cl- exchange correlate with the distinct human and mouse susceptibilities to nephrolithiasis. J Physiol 2008: 586 (5): 1291-1306Mandel NS, Henderson JD, Hung LY et al. A porcine model of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. J Urol 2004; 171 (3): 1301-1303Mandel NS, Henderson JD, Hung LY et al. A porcine model of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. J Urol 2004; 171 (3): 1301-1303Fan J, Chandhoke PS, Grampsas SA. Role of sex hormones in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: S376-380Fan J, Chandhoke PS, Grampsas SA. Role of sex hormones in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: S376-380Iguchi M, Takamura C, Umekawa T et al. Inhibitory effects of female sex hormones on urinary stone formation in rats. Kidney Int 1999; 56 (2): 479-485Iguchi M, Takamura C, Umekawa T et al. Inhibitory effects of female sex hormones on urinary stone formation in rats. Kidney Int 1999; 56 (2): 479-485

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.