nefrНефрологияNephrology (Saint-Petersburg)1561-62742541-9439Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University10.24884/1561-6274-2009-13-4-9-17nefr-1186Research ArticleПЕРЕДОВАЯ СТАТЬЯLEADING ARTICLEСОСУДИСТЫЙ ДОСТУП ДЛЯ ГЕМОДИАЛИЗАVASCULAR ACCESS FOR HAEMODIALYSISКоннерК.KonnerK.

Междисциплинарный центр сосудистой помощи, отделение внутренней медицины IV (нефрология) 

klaus.konner@gmx.deГоспиталь Кельнского университетаGermany200910042009134917Copyright © Коннер К., 20092009Коннер К.Konner K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/1186

Начиная с выхода первых рекомендаций, эксперты NKF-DOQI придают огромное значение артериовенозной (АВ) фистуле как лучшему выбору для создания первоначального сосудистого доступа у пациентов с терминальной почечной недостаточностью, перед началом терапии гемодиализом. Предпочтительными дополнительными сосудистыми доступами являются АВ-протезы из расширяющегося политетрафлюороэтилена (ПТФЭ) и центральные венозные катетеры. Множество проблем, вызванных быстрым увеличением числа возрастных пациентов, а также больных с диабетом и гипертензией, препятствуют выполнению задачи по обеспечению адекватного сосудистого доступа. Так, нарушения анатомии сосудов и наличие сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний значительно затрудняют формирование хорошо функционирующей АВ-фистулы. Позднее обращение к нефрологу приводит к несвоевременному созданию первой АВ-фистулы или другого подходящего типа сосудистого доступа, повышая частоту использования временных и/или перманентных катетеров со всеми их потенциальными осложнениями. Тем не менее существуют средства и методы для преодоления этих проблем: в случае раннего обращения обеспечивается целостность вен, так как есть время для выбора стороны, места и типа первоначального сосудистого доступа. При доступности ультразвукового исследования оно является обязательным в плане предоперационного обследования. Особое внимание уделяют качественным характеристикам артериального русла, включающим скорость кровотока в плечевой артерии и описание кальцифицированных сегментов артерий. Исходя из полученных данных, обязательна скрупулезная хирургическая техника. Наблюдение за фистулой и выборочная ревизия «угасающей» АВ-фистулы сокращают вероятность осложнений и стоимость лечения. Длительное функционирование сосудистого доступа является достойным вознаграждением за все приложенные усилия. Лучшие результаты в плане обеспечения адекватного сосудистого доступа достигаются на основе междисциплинарного подхода.

Since the publication of the first issue, NKF-DOQI Guidelines emphasize an increasing consensus that arteriovenous (AV) fistulae are the best choice for creation of initial vascular access in patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) nearing or initiating haemodialysis (HD) therapy. Additional types of vascular access are AV grafts preferably made from ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylen) and catheters placed into central veins.To realize this goal, a couple of problems arise from the rapidly growing population of diabetic, aged and hypertensive patients. Here, the preexisting damage of the vascular anatomy and the high cardiovascular comorbidity makes it more difficult to construct a well functioning arteriovenous fistula. Late referral to the nephrologist causes delay in timely placement the first AV fistula or another appropriate type of vascular access thus increasing the use of temporary and/or cuffed tunneled catheters with all their potential risks. Nevertheless, there are stategies and tools to overcome these problems: Early referral results in venous preservation based on an early selection of side, site and type of initial vascular access. Ultrasound findings, if available, have shown as an essential component partof preoperative investigations. Special attention is payed to the quality of the arterial vasculature including flow measurements of the brachial artery and description of calcified arterial segments. Dedicated, meticulous surgery is mandatory. Fistula monitoring and elective revision of the failing AV fistula will reduce morbidity and costs. Functionality and longevity of the access to circulation are the welcomed result of all these efforts. The best results will be obtained by an interdisciplinary approach.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.