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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nefr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1561-6274</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9439</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36485/1561-6274-2020-24-4-9-20</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nefr-1854</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные фармакологические подходы к лечению первичного нефротического синдрома</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modern pharmacological approaches to primary treatment nephrotic syndrome</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-103X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>Я. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>Ya. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Проф. Зверев Яков Федорович, д-р мед. наук, кафедра фармакологии</p><p>656038, Россия, г. Барнаул, пр. Ленина, д. 40. </p><p>Тел.: (3852)566891 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Yakov F. Zverev MD, DMedSci, Department of Pharmacology</p><p>656038, Barnaul, Lenin avenue, 40. </p><p>Phone: (3852)566-891 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zver@agmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-7071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыкунова</surname><given-names>А. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rykunova</surname><given-names>A. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рыкунова Анна Яковлевна, канд мед. наук, кафедра криминалистики, старший преподаватель</p><p>656038, Россия, г. Барнаул, ул. Чкалова, д. 49. </p><p>Тел.: (3852)379163 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna Ya. Rykunova, Department of Criminology</p><p>656038, Barnaul, Chkalov st., 49. </p><p>Phone: (3852)379163 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zveranna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Алтайский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Altai State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Барнаульский юридический институт</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Barnaul Law Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зверев Я.Ф., Рыкунова А.Я., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зверев Я.Ф., Рыкунова А.Я.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zverev Y.F., Rykunova A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/1854">https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/1854</self-uri><abstract><p>Обзор посвящен рассмотрению наиболее распространенных лекарственных средств, применяемых в настоящее время в процессе лечения первичного нефротического синдрома. Проанализированы механизмы фармакологической активности глюкокортикостероидов, АКТГ, ингибиторов кальциневрина циклоспорина А и такролимуса, алкилирующих соединений циклофосфамида и хлорамбуцила, микофенолата мофетила, левамизола, абатацепта, ритуксимаба и ряда других, недавно созданных моноклональных АТ. Предпринята попытка выделить иммунные и неиммунные механизмы действия наиболее распространенных препаратов, касающиеся как воздействия на звенья иммуногенеза отмеченных заболеваний, так и прямого влияния на подоциты, обеспечивающие проницаемость клубочкового фильтрационного барьера и развитие протеинурии. Иммунные механизмы действия кортикостероидов обусловлены взаимодействием с глюкокортикоидными рецепторами лимфоцитов, а неиммунные – со стимулированием этих же рецепторов в подоцитах. Выяснено, что активация АКТГ меланокортиновых рецепторов вносит вклад в благоприятный эффект препарата при нефротическом синдроме. Обсуждается, что иммунный механизм ингибиторов кальциневрина обеспечивается подавлением тканевого и гуморального иммунитета, а неиммунный в значительной степени обусловлен сохранением активности таких белков подоцитов, как синаптоподин и кофилин. Приведены доказательства, убеждающие, что благоприятный эффект ритуксимаба при гломерулопатиях связан с взаимодействием препарата с белком SMPDL-3b в лимфоцитах и подоцитах. Рассматриваются механизмы действия микофенолата мофетила, ингибирующего активность фермента инозин 5-монофосфатдегидрогеназы, что обусловливает подавление синтеза гуанозиновых нуклеотидов как в лимфоцитах, так и в клетках клубочкового мезангиума. Подчеркнуто, что действие левамизола при нефротическом синдроме, вероятно, связано с нормализацией соотношения цитокинов, вырабатываемых различными Т-хелперами, а также c увеличением экспрессии и активности глюкокортикоидных рецепторов. Рассмотрены механизмы фармакологической активности ряда моноклональных АТ, а также галактозы, благоприятный эффект которой, возможно, обеспечивается связыванием с предполагаемым фактором проницаемости, вырабатываемым лимфоцитами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review is devoted to the consideration of the most common drugs currently used in the treatment of primary nephrotic syndrome. Mechanisms of pharmacological activity of glucocorticosteroids, ACTH, calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, alkylating compounds cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, mycophenolate mofetil, levamisole, abatacept, rituximab and a number of other recently created monoclonal antibodies. An attempt is made to separate the immune and non-immune mechanisms of action of the most common drugs, concerning both the impact on the immunogenetics of the noted diseases and the direct impact on the podocytes that provide permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier and the development of proteinuria. It is shown that the immune mechanisms of corticosteroids are caused by interaction with glucocorticoid receptors of lymphocytes, and nonimmune – with stimulation of the same receptors in podocytes. It was found that the activation of adrenocorticotropic hormone melanocortin receptors contributes to the beneficial effect of the drug in nephrotic syndrome. It is discussed that the immune mechanism of calcineurin inhibitors is provided by the suppression of tissue and humoral immunity, and the non-immune mechanism is largely due to the preservation of the activity of podocyte proteins such as synaptopodin and cofilin. Evidence is presented to show that the beneficial effect of rituximab in glomerulopathies is related to the interaction of the drug with the protein SMPDL-3b in lymphocytes and podocytes. The mechanisms of action of mycophenolate mofetil, inhibiting the activity of the enzyme inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase, which causes the suppression of the synthesis of guanosine nucleotides in both lymphocytes and glomerular mesangium cells, are considered. It is emphasized that the effect of levamisole in nephrotic syndrome is probably associated with the normalization of the ratio of cytokines produced by various T-helpers, as well as with an increase in the expression and activity of glucocorticoid receptors. The mechanisms of pharmacological activity of a number of monoclonal antibodies, as well as galactose, the beneficial effect of which may be provided by binding to the supposed permeability factor produced by lymphocytes, are considered.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нефротический синдром</kwd><kwd>глюкокортикостероиды</kwd><kwd>АКТГ</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы кальциневрина</kwd><kwd>алкилирующие соединения</kwd><kwd>микофенолата мофетил</kwd><kwd>ритуксимаб</kwd><kwd>моноклональные АТ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nephrotic syndrome</kwd><kwd>glucocorticosteroids</kwd><kwd>ACTH</kwd><kwd>calcineurin inhibitors</kwd><kwd>alkylating compounds</kwd><kwd>mycophenolate mofetil</kwd><kwd>rituximab</kwd><kwd>monoclonal antibodies</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зверев ЯФ, Рыкунова АЯ. 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