nefrНефрологияNephrology (Saint-Petersburg)1561-62742541-9439Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University10.36485/1561-6274-2020-24-5-97-107nefr-1888Research ArticleНАБЛЮДЕНИЯ ИЗ ПРАКТИКИPRACTICAL NOTESКлинико-морфологические параллели повреждения легких и почек при COVID-19Clinical and morphological parallels of lung and kidney damage in COVID-19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5251-145XЛитвиновА. С.LitvinovA. S.

Литвинов Александр Сергеевич, канд. мед. наук

ведущий научный специалист; заместитель ге­нерального директора по медицинской части

450000, г. Уфа, ул. Карла Маркса, д. 48/2. Тел.: (812)346-39-26

Alexander S. Litvinov, MD, PhD

Leading Scientific Specialist, researcher; Deputy Medical Director. 

Affiliations: 450000, Ufa, st. Karl Marx, 48/2. Phone: (812)346- 39-26

dirge@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-1038СавинА. В.SavinA. V.

Савин Александр Владимирович, врач-нефролог, ведущий специалист

344022, г. Ростов-на-Дону, ул. Красноармейская, д. 170. Тел.: 89198963582

Alexander V. Savin, nephrologist

Leading Scientific Specialist, researcher. 

Affiliations: 344022, Rostov-on-Don, 170 Krasnoarmeyskayast., Phone: 89198963582

Aleqsandr.savin@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5963-6634КухтинаА. А.KukhtinaA. A.

Кухтина Алина Алексеевна

кафедра поликлиниче­ской терапии, врач-ординатор. 

127473, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1. Тел.: 8(903)624-77-28

Alina A. Kukhtina, resident

Department of polyclinic therapy

Affiliations: 127473, Moscow, 20/1 Delegatskayast. Phone: 8(903)624-77-2

dr.alina.a@mail.ruСитовскаяД. А.SitovskayaD. A.

Ситовская Дарья Александровна, научн. сотр. 

научно­-исследовательская лаборатория патоморфологии нервной системы

191014, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Маяковского, д. 12.  Тел 89817613197

ORCID: 0000-0001-9721-3821

Daria A. Sitovskaya, researcher

Leading Scientific Specialist

Affiliations: 191014, St. Petersburg, 12 Mayakovskogost. Phone: 89817613197

daliya_16@mail.ruОбщество с ограниченной ответственностью «Медицинский центр “Агидель”»; "Партнерство с ограниченной ответ­ственностью «MetacoLLP»РоссияLimited liability Company "Agidel Medical center"; "Limited liability Partnership "Metaco LLP"Russian Federation"Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «ЮгЭкоСервис»; "Ограниченное партнерство «Медицинская клиника “Гармония”»РоссияYugEkoService Limited liability Company; "Limited Partnership "Harmony Medical Clinic"Russian FederationМосковский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. ЕвдокимоваРоссияMoscow state medical and dental University named after A. I. EvdokimovRussian FederationРоссийский научно-исследовательский нейрохирургический институт им. профессора А. Л. Поленова (филиал Национального медицинского исследовательского центра имени В.А. Алмазова); "Городская Мариинская больница; "Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университетРоссия"Russian Research Neurosurgical Institute professor A. L. Polenov (a branch ofthe National Medical Research Center named V. A. Almazov); "City Mariinsky Hospital; St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical UniversityRussian Federation20203108202024597107Copyright © Литвинов А.С., Савин А.В., Кухтина А.А., Ситовская Д.А., 20202020Литвинов А.С., Савин А.В., Кухтина А.А., Ситовская Д.А.Litvinov A.S., Savin A.V., Kukhtina A.A., Sitovskaya D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/1888

В статье рассмотрены имеющиеся литературные данные об особенностях вируса SARS-CoV-2 и сходствах его с пред­шественниками, о механизмах заражения в связи со строением и эпидемиологией возбудителя. Сучётом этих данных описан патогенез новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19, на основании чего авторами сделано предположение о вероятных внелёгочных клетках-мишенях и органах-мишенях в зависимости от степени экспрессии ими белка- переносчика для вируса - АПФ-2. Описаны классическая клиническая картина заболевания, возможные осложнения течения и зафиксированные в доступных источниках экстрапульмональные проявления инфекции, в частности, кар­диальные и иммунологические, а также почечные. Авторами прослежена и описана эволюция знаний о вовлечении почек в патологический процесс при COVID-19: на основании данных многочисленных исследований рассмотрено место острого почечного повреждения, коагулопатии, а также системного воспалительного ответа в спектре проявле­ний коронавирусной инфекции относительно почеку пациентов с COVID-19, в том числе, получающих заместительную почечную терапию в форме гемодиализа. В статье выстроены клинико-морфологические ассоциации между пораже­нием лёгких и почек в ходе инфекции COVID-19. Представлены новые данные о патоморфологических проявлениях COVID-19 в лёгких, в том числе собственные данные аутопсий пациентов, выделены и описаны специфические при­знаки воздействия вируса на альвеолоциты, его цитопатический эффект. Главное внимание в статье отведено по­чечным проявлениям инфекции: авторами приведены новые результаты собственных наблюдений, полученные при аутопсии пациентов с COVID-19: подробно описаны морфологические изменения в структурах почек, доказывающие, что почка человека является специфической мишенью для инфекции SARS-CoV-2, а также может служить вирусным резервуаром возбудителя, играя роль в его последующей персистенции.

This article reviews the available literature on the SARS-Cov-2 virus and its similarities with its predecessors. The mechanisms of infection due to the structure and epidemiology of the virus are described. Based on these data, the pathogenesis of COVID- 19 infection is described. Based on this, the authors suggest probable extrapulmonary target cells and target organs for the virus depending on their expression ofthe vector protein, APF-2. The article describes a classic clinical picture of the disease, possible complications of its course, and the extrapulmonary (cardiac, immunological, renal) manifestations ofthe infection. The authors traced and described the chain of knowledge about the involvement of the kidneys in the pathological process at COVID-19. Based on numerous studies, we are looking at the site of acute renal injury, coagulopathy, systemic inflammatory response in the spectrum of manifestations of COVID-19 relative to kidneys in patients with COVID-19, including those with hemodialysis. The article builds clinical-morphological associations between lung and kidney damage at COVID-19. We present new data on the pathomorphological manifestations of COVID-19 in the lungs, including own autopsy data. Specificsigns of the effects of the virus on alveolocytes and its cytopathic effect are highlighted and described. The article focuses on kidney signs of infection. The authors give new results of their own observations obtained during an autopsy of patients with COVID-19. Detailed morphological changes in kidney structures have been described, proving that the human kidney is a specific target for SARS-Cov-2 infection, and can also serve as a viral reservoir for the pathogen, playing a role in its subsequent persistence.

SARS-CoV-2COVID-19почкилёгкиеморфологияангиотензинпревращающий фермент 2SARS-CoV-2COVID-19kidneylungsmorphologyangiotensin converting enzyme 2ReferencesHuang С, WangX Li X. Clinical features of patients in­fected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395( 10223):497-506Huang С, WangX Li X. Clinical features of patients in­fected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395( 10223):497-506KsiazekTG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348(20):1953-1966. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030781KsiazekTG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348(20):1953-1966. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030781Zaki AM, Van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 2012;367(19):1814-1820Zaki AM, Van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 2012;367(19):1814-1820WangC, HorbyPW, Hayden FG.Anovel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020;395(10223):470-473WangC, HorbyPW, Hayden FG.Anovel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 2020;395(10223):470-473Menachery VD, Yount BL, Debbink K. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emer­gence. Nat Med 2015;21(12):1508-1513Menachery VD, Yount BL, Debbink K. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emer­gence. Nat Med 2015;21(12):1508-1513WanX Shang J, Graham R. Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long struc­tural studies of SARS. J Virol 2020;March:1 -9WanX Shang J, Graham R. Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long struc­tural studies of SARS. J Virol 2020;March:1 -9XuX, Chen P, Wang J et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sc/2020;63(3):457- 460XuX, Chen P, Wang J et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sc/2020;63(3):457- 460Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and patho­genesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. JAutoimmun 2020;February: 102433. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and patho­genesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. JAutoimmun 2020;February: 102433. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG et al. A pneumonia outbreak as­sociated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020 Mar;579:270-273Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG et al. A pneumonia outbreak as­sociated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020 Mar;579:270-273ZouX, Chen K, Zou J etal. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential riskofdifferent human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med 2020, Epub ahead of printZouX, Chen K, Zou J etal. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential riskofdifferent human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med 2020, Epub ahead of printWang D, Hu В, Hu С etal. Clinical characteristics of 138 hos­pitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020. doi: 10.1001/jama. 2020.1585Wang D, Hu В, Hu С etal. Clinical characteristics of 138 hos­pitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020. doi: 10.1001/jama. 2020.1585GuoY-R, CaoQD, Hong Z-S etal. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Military Med Res 2020;7:11. doi: 10.1186/S40779-020-00240-0GuoY-R, CaoQD, Hong Z-S etal. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Military Med Res 2020;7:11. doi: 10.1186/S40779-020-00240-0Xu Z, Shi L, WangY Pathological findings of COVID-19 asso­ciated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet RespirMed 2020;2600(20):19-21. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-XXu Z, Shi L, WangY Pathological findings of COVID-19 asso­ciated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet RespirMed 2020;2600(20):19-21. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-XRuan Q, Yang K, Wang W. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med2020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/32125452//Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med2020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/32125452//Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with corona­virus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 2020:1-10Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with corona­virus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 2020:1-10Yang X, YuX Xu J. Clinical course and outcomes of criti­cally ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Re­spirMed 2020;2600(20):1 -7Yang X, YuX Xu J. Clinical course and outcomes of criti­cally ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Re­spirMed 2020;2600(20):1 -7Ukimura A, Satomi H, Ooi Y Myocarditis associated with influenza A H1N1 pdm2009. Influenza Res Treat 2012;2012:1-8Ukimura A, Satomi H, Ooi Y Myocarditis associated with influenza A H1N1 pdm2009. Influenza Res Treat 2012;2012:1-8Rao S, Sasser W, Diaz F. Coronavirus associated fulmi­nant myocarditis successfully treated with intravenous immu­noglobulin and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Chest 2014;146(4):336A. doi: 10.1378/chest.1992018Rao S, Sasser W, Diaz F. Coronavirus associated fulmi­nant myocarditis successfully treated with intravenous immu­noglobulin and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Chest 2014;146(4):336A. doi: 10.1378/chest.1992018Alhogbani T. Acute myocarditis associated with novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Ann Saudi Med 2016;36(1):78-80Alhogbani T. Acute myocarditis associated with novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Ann Saudi Med 2016;36(1):78-80Gilca R, de Serres G, Boulianne N. Risk factors for hospitalization and severe outcomes of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in Quebec, Canada. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011;5(4):247-255Gilca R, de Serres G, Boulianne N. Risk factors for hospitalization and severe outcomes of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in Quebec, Canada. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011;5(4):247-255Yu CM, Wong RSM, Wu EB. Cardiovascular complica­tions of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2006;82(964):140-144Yu CM, Wong RSM, Wu EB. Cardiovascular complica­tions of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2006;82(964):140-144Chu KH, Tsang WK, Tang CS etal. Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome. Kidney Int 2005;67(2):698-705Chu KH, Tsang WK, Tang CS etal. Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome. Kidney Int 2005;67(2):698-705Anti-2019-nCoV Volunteers, Li Z, Wu M et al. Cau­tion on kidney dysfunctions of 2019-nCoV patients. medRxiv 2020;2020.02.08.20021212Anti-2019-nCoV Volunteers, Li Z, Wu M et al. Cau­tion on kidney dysfunctions of 2019-nCoV patients. medRxiv 2020;2020.02.08.20021212Guan W-J, Ni Z-X HuY Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020:1-13Guan W-J, Ni Z-X HuY Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020:1-13Li Z, Wu M, Guo J etal. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of 2019-nCoV Patients. MedRvix 2020, Epub ahead of printLi Z, Wu M, Guo J etal. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of 2019-nCoV Patients. MedRvix 2020, Epub ahead of printCheng X Luo R, Wang К et al. Kidney impairment is as­sociated with in-hospital death of COVID-19 patients. medRxiv 2020;2020.02.18.20023242Cheng X Luo R, Wang К et al. Kidney impairment is as­sociated with in-hospital death of COVID-19 patients. medRxiv 2020;2020.02.18.20023242Yao XH, Li TX He ZC et al. A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimally invasive autopsies. Zhonghua Bing Li XueZaZhi 2020. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193. 32172546Yao XH, Li TX He ZC et al. A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimally invasive autopsies. Zhonghua Bing Li XueZaZhi 2020. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193. 32172546Ye M, Wysocki J, William J et al. Glomerular localization and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin- converting enzyme: implications for albuminuria in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(11 ):3067-3075Ye M, Wysocki J, William J et al. Glomerular localization and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin- converting enzyme: implications for albuminuria in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(11 ):3067-3075Wang D, Hu В, Hu С et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneu­Wang D, Hu В, Hu С et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-infected Pneu­monia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020, Epub ahead of printmonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020, Epub ahead of printLi Z, Wu M, Yao J et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients Anti-2019-nCoVVolunteers. medRxiv 2020.02.08.20021212; doi: 10.1101/2020.02.08.20021212Li Z, Wu M, Yao J et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients Anti-2019-nCoVVolunteers. medRxiv 2020.02.08.20021212; doi: 10.1101/2020.02.08.20021212Xu S, Fu L, Fei Jet al. Acute kidney injury at early stage as a negative prognostic i ndicator of patients with COVID-19: a hospital - based retrospective analysis. medRxiv 2020.03.24.20042408; doi: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042408Xu S, Fu L, Fei Jet al. Acute kidney injury at early stage as a negative prognostic i ndicator of patients with COVID-19: a hospital - based retrospective analysis. medRxiv 2020.03.24.20042408; doi: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042408Wang LA, Li XA, Chen HC et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China. American Journal ofNephrology. FreeAccess. doi: 10.1159/000507471Wang LA, Li XA, Chen HC et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China. American Journal ofNephrology. FreeAccess. doi: 10.1159/000507471MaX Diao B, LvXet al. 2019 novel coronavirus disease in hemodialysis (HD) patients: report from one HD center in Wuhan, China. medRx/V2020;2020.02.24.20027201MaX Diao B, LvXet al. 2019 novel coronavirus disease in hemodialysis (HD) patients: report from one HD center in Wuhan, China. medRx/V2020;2020.02.24.20027201Perico L, BenigniA, RemuzziG. Should COVID-19 Concern Nephrologists? Why and to What Extent? The Emerging Impasse of Angiotensin Blockade. Nephron 2020. doi: 10.1159/000507305Perico L, BenigniA, RemuzziG. Should COVID-19 Concern Nephrologists? Why and to What Extent? The Emerging Impasse of Angiotensin Blockade. Nephron 2020. doi: 10.1159/000507305Chan JF,Yuan S, Кок KH et al. A familial cluster of pneu­monia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-toperson transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020;395:514-523Chan JF,Yuan S, Кок KH et al. A familial cluster of pneu­monia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-toperson transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020;395:514-523Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 2020;25. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 2020;25. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045Zhang H, Zhou P, WeiYetal. Histopathologic Changes and SARS-CoV-2 Immunostaining in the Lung of a Patient With COVID- 19. AnnlnternMed 2020M20-0533. doi: 10.7326/M20-0533Zhang H, Zhou P, WeiYetal. Histopathologic Changes and SARS-CoV-2 Immunostaining in the Lung of a Patient With COVID- 19. AnnlnternMed 2020M20-0533. doi: 10.7326/M20-0533YaoXH, LiTX He ZC et al. A Pathological Report of Three COVID-19 Cases by Minimal Invasive Autopsies. Zhonghua Bing L/XueZaZh/2020;49(5):411-417.doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151- 20200312-00193YaoXH, LiTX He ZC et al. A Pathological Report of Three COVID-19 Cases by Minimal Invasive Autopsies. Zhonghua Bing L/XueZaZh/2020;49(5):411-417.doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112151- 20200312-00193McGonagle D, O’Donnell JS, Sharif К et al. Immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID- 19 pneumonia. Lancet Rheumatol 2020; Published Online May7, 2020. doi: 10.1016/ S2665-9913(20)30121-1McGonagle D, O’Donnell JS, Sharif К et al. Immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID- 19 pneumonia. Lancet Rheumatol 2020; Published Online May7, 2020. doi: 10.1016/ S2665-9913(20)30121-1Chu KH, Tsang WK, Tang CS et al. Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome. Kidney Int 2005;67(2):698-705. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-175 ,2005.67130.xChu KH, Tsang WK, Tang CS et al. Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome. Kidney Int 2005;67(2):698-705. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-175 ,2005.67130.xChu KH, Tsang WK, Tang CS et al. Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome. Kid- neylnt 2005;67(2):698-705Chu KH, Tsang WK, Tang CS et al. Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome. Kid- neylnt 2005;67(2):698-705Tisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP etal. Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. MicrobiolMolBiol Rev2012;76(1):16-32Tisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP etal. Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. MicrobiolMolBiol Rev2012;76(1):16-32Huang KJ, Su IJ, Theron M et al. An interferon- gamma-related cytokine storm in SARS patients. J Med Virol 2005;75(2):185-194Huang KJ, Su IJ, Theron M et al. An interferon- gamma-related cytokine storm in SARS patients. J Med Virol 2005;75(2):185-194Perazella MA, Shirali AC. Nephrotoxicity of cancer im­munotherapies: past, present and future. J Am SocNephrol 2018;29(8):2039-2052Perazella MA, Shirali AC. Nephrotoxicity of cancer im­munotherapies: past, present and future. J Am SocNephrol 2018;29(8):2039-2052MoiceanAD, Popp AM, Sinescu I. Thymoglobulin-newap­proaches to optimal outcomes. JMed Life 2009;2(3):319-324MoiceanAD, Popp AM, Sinescu I. Thymoglobulin-newap­proaches to optimal outcomes. JMed Life 2009;2(3):319-324Diao B, Feng Z, Wang С et al. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) infection. medRx/V2020;2020.03.04.20031120Diao B, Feng Z, Wang С et al. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) infection. medRx/V2020;2020.03.04.20031120Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H et al. Identification of a Potential Mechanism of Acute Kidney Injury During the Covid-19 Out­break: A Study Based on Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis. Preprints. 2020 Feb. Available from: https://www.preprints.org/ manuscript/202002.0331/v1Xu D, Zhang H, Gong H et al. Identification of a Potential Mechanism of Acute Kidney Injury During the Covid-19 Out­break: A Study Based on Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis. Preprints. 2020 Feb. Available from: https://www.preprints.org/ manuscript/202002.0331/v1WanYj Shang J, Graham R et al. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade- long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol 2020;94(7). doi: 10.1128/JVI.00127-20WanYj Shang J, Graham R et al. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade- long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol 2020;94(7). doi: 10.1128/JVI.00127-20Diao B, Wang C, Wang R et al. Human Kidney is a Target for Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. medRxiv 2020.03.04.20031120. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.04.20031120Diao B, Wang C, Wang R et al. Human Kidney is a Target for Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. medRxiv 2020.03.04.20031120. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.04.20031120

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.