<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nefr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1561-6274</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9439</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36485/1561-6274-2021-25-2-52-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nefr-1943</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ. КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES. CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Поликлональные свободные легкие цепи при иммуноглобулин А-нефропатии: связь с клиническими и морфологическими параметрами и прогнозом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Polyclonal free light chains in IgA-nephropathy: correlation with clinical and morphological parameters and prognostic significance</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чурко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Churko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Асс. Чурко Анна Аркадьевна</p><p>197022, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Л. Толстого, д. 17, корп. 54</p><p>Тел.: (812) 338-69-01</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant professor Anna A. Churko, MD</p><p>197022, Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Str. Leo Tolstoy, 17 build 54</p><p>Phone: +78123386901</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8141-4488</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Храброва</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khrabrova</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доц. Храброва Мария Сергеевна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>197022, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Л. Толстого, д. 17, корп. 54</p><p>Тел.: (812) 338-69-01</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate professor Maria S. Khrabrova, MD, PhD</p><p>197022, Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Str. Leo Tolstoy, 17 build 54</p><p>Phone: +78123386901</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hrabrovamc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7863-9080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Проф. Смирнов Алексей Владимирович, д-р мед. наук заведующий кафедрой; директор НИИ нефрологии</p><p>Тел.: +7(812)338-69-01</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Alexey V. Smirnov MD, PhD, DMedSci, director</p><p>197022, Russia, St-Petersburg, L. Tolstoy st., 17, build. 54</p><p>Phone: (812) 338-69- 01</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smirnov@nephrolog.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра пропедевтики внутренних болезней с клиникой Первого Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Pavlov University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра пропедевтики внутренних болезней с клиникой Первого Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета им. акад. И.П. Павлова; Научно-исследовательский институт нефрологии Первого Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Pavlov University; Research Institute of Nephrology, Pavlov University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чурко А.А., Храброва М.С., Смирнов А.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чурко А.А., Храброва М.С., Смирнов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Churko A.A., Khrabrova M.S., Smirnov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/1943">https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/1943</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Механизмы воздействия свободных легких цепей (СЛЦ) иммуноглобулинов на клетки канальцевого эпителия с последующим развитием фиброза тубулоинтерстиция и формированием хронической болезни почек (ХБП) достаточно полно описаны для моноклональных СЛЦ при моноклональных гаммапатиях. Учитывая универсальность механизмов повреждения, поликлональные СЛЦ (пСЛЦ) также могут являться фактором прогрессирования ХБП при первичных гломерулопатиях, что остается малоизученным.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ: анализ связи уровня пСЛЦ в сыворотке крови, определенных методом Freelite®, с клинико-морфологическими параметрами и прогнозом у пациентов с IgA-нефропатией (IgAN). ПАЦИЕНТЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В исследование были включены 24 пациента с гистологически доказанным диагнозом IgAN. На момент нефробиопсии всем пациентам определяли креатинин сыворотки, расчетную скорость клубочковой фильтрации (рСКФCKD-EPI), суточную протеинурию, а также уровень пСЛЦ в сыворотке крови методом Freelite (N пСЛЦ-κ=3,3–19,4 мг/л, N пСЛЦ-λ=5,7–26,3 мг/л). Критерием включения было нормальное соотношение пСЛЦ-κ/λ (0,26–1,65). Данные светооптического и иммуноморфологического исследований нефробиоптата оценивали полуколичественно, рассчитывали выраженность повреждения по шкале Oxford MEST-C. Достижением почечного исхода считали повышение креатинина на ≥25 % от исходного уровня к концу периода наблюдения или начало заместительной почечной терапии. Для выявления связи между показателями применяли корреляционный анализ Спирмена. Для оценки связи изучаемых показателей с прогнозом использовали одновариантный регрессионный анализ Кокса. Для всех методов полученные данные считали достоверными при р&lt;0,05. Медиана периода наблюдения составила 27 (8; 37) мес.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Медиана уровня пСЛЦ-κ составила 30,2 (6,1; 67,5) мг/л, пСЛЦ-λ – 27,6 (11,1; 92,1) мг/л, уровень пСЛЦ-κ был повышен в 66,7 % наблюдений, пСЛЦ-λ – в 50 %. Медиана рСКФ CKD-EPI составила 41 (26; 65) мл/мин/1,73 м2. Креатинин сыворотки коррелировал с пСЛЦ-κ (R=0,62; p&lt;0,01) и пСЛЦ-λ (R=0,45; p=0,03). Была выявлена связь между уровнем пСЛЦ-κ с клеточной инфильтрацией интерстиция (R=0,47; p=0,02), атрофией канальцев (R=0,54; p&lt;0,01), интерстициальным фиброзом (R=0,44; p=0,03), перитубулярным капилляритом (R=0,42; p=0,04), T-score (R=0,66; p&lt;0,01) и суммарным значением MEST-C (R=0,45; p=0,03). Уровень пСЛЦ-λ коррелировал с атрофией канальцев (R=0,45; р=0,03) и T-score (R=0,56; p&lt;0,01). В одновариантном регрессионном анализе с прогрессией ХБП были ассоциированы как пСЛЦ-κ (Exp(ß)=1,053; 95,0 %CI 1,003–1,105; p=0,038), так и пСЛЦ-λ (Exp(ß)= 1,041; 95,0 % 1,002–1,082; p=0,038).</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. При IgAN уровень пСЛЦ, преимущественно пСЛЦ-κ, ассоциирован с тубулоинтерстициальным фиброзом и воспалением. Повышенный уровень как пСЛЦ-κ, так и пСЛЦ-λ является фактором риска прогрессирования дисфункции почек и может быть предложен в качестве предиктора прогрессирования ХБП у пациентов с IgAN.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>BACKGROUND</title><p>BACKGROUND. Mechanisms of the initiation of renal interstitial inflammation and fibrosis caused by immunoglobulin monoclonal free light chains (mFLC) in monoclonal gammopathy are well established. As far as these damage pathways are considered to be universal we hypothesize that polyclonal free light chains (pFLC) could have a similar effect on tubular and interstitial tissue and lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in primary glomerulopathies. THE AIM of this retrospective study was to analyze the association of pFLC kappa (pFLC-κ) and lambda (pFLC-λ) assessed in serum by Freelite® with clinical and morphological parameters and CKD progression in IgA-nephropathy (IgAN) cohort.</p></sec><sec><title>PATIENTS AND METHODS</title><p>PATIENTS AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, we enrolled 24 patients with IgAN proven by kidney biopsy (KBx). pFLC-κ and pFLC-λ levels were assessed in all cases at the time of KBx by Freelite® method (N pFLC-κ=3.3-19.4 mg/l, N pFLC-λ=5.7-26.3 mg/l). The normal κ/λ ratio was the inclusion criterion. In all cases, we determined serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI method (eGFRCKD-EPI), and daily proteinuria. Morphological findings were defined semiquantitatively by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. Oxford MEST-C score was evaluated as well as % of glomerulosclerosis. Correlation between parameters was assessed by Spearman’s coefficient. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to analyze the association of parameters with the progression of CKD estimated as an elevation of serum creatinine ≥25 % from the initial level or the initiation of renal replacement therapy at the end of the follow-up period (median was 28 (7; 37) months).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. Median of pFLC-κ 30.2 (6.1; 67.5) mg/l, median of pFLC-λ 27.6 (11.1; 92.1) mg/l. Levels of pFLC-κ and pFLC-λ were increased in 66.7 % and 50 % of patients, respectively. eGFR CKD-EPI median was 41 (26; 65) ml/min/1.73m2. Serum creatinine correlates with pFLC-κ (R=0.62, p&lt;0.01) and pFLC-λ (R=0.45, p=0.03). Among morphological parameters pFLC-κ correlates with interstitial inflammation (R=0.47, p=0.02), tubular atrophy (R=0.54, p&lt;0.01), interstitial fibrosis (R=0.44, p=0.03), peritubular capillaritis (R=0.42, p=0.04), T-score (R=0.66, p&lt;0.01) and combined MEST-C score (R=0.45, p=0.03). For pFLC-λ the correlations with tubular atrophy (R=0.45, р=0.03) and Т-score (R=0.56, p&lt;0.01) were shown. In Univariate Cox regression analysis pFLC-κ and pFLC-λ were associated with CKD progression (Exp(ß)=1.053; 95,0 %CI 1.003-1.105; p=0.038 and Exp(ß)= 1.041; 95,0 %CI 1.002-1.082; p=0.038, respectively)</p></sec><sec><title> CONCLUSION</title><p> CONCLUSION. Polyclonal FLC, mostly pFLC-κ, were associated with tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis in patients with IgAN. Increased levels of either pFLC-κ or λ could be proposed as a predictor of CKD progression in patients with IgAN.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>IgA-нефропатия</kwd><kwd>свободные легкие цепи</kwd><kwd>тубулоинтерстициальный фиброз</kwd><kwd>хроническая болезнь почек</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>IgA-nephropathy</kwd><kwd>free light chains</kwd><kwd>tubulointerstitial fibrosis</kwd><kwd>chronic kidney disease</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schena FP, Nistor I. Epidemiology of IgA Nephropathy: A Global Perspective. Semin Nephrol 2018;38(5):435-442. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schena FP, Nistor I. Epidemiology of IgA Nephropathy: A Global Perspective. Semin Nephrol 2018;38(5):435-442. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodrigues JC, Haas M, Reich HN. IgA Nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017;12(4):677-686. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07420716</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodrigues JC, Haas M, Reich HN. IgA Nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017;12(4):677-686. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07420716</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добронравов ВА, Мужецкая ТО, Лин ДИ, Кочоян ЗШ. Иммуноглобулин А-нефропатия в российской популяции: клинико-морфологическая презентация и отдаленный прогноз. Нефрология 2019;23(6):45-60. doi: 10.36485/1561-6274-2019-236-45-60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobronravov VA, Muzhetskaya TO, Lin DI, Kochoyan ZS. Immunoglobulin A-nephropathy in Russian population: clinical and morphological presentation and long-term prognosis. Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg) 2019;23(6):45-60. (In Russ.) doi: 10.36485/1561-6274-2019-236-45-60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hwang HS, Kim BS, Shin YS et al. Predictors for progression in immunoglobulin A nephropathy with significant proteinuria. Nephrology (Carlton) 2010;15(2):236-241. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2009.01196.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hwang HS, Kim BS, Shin YS et al. Predictors for progression in immunoglobulin A nephropathy with significant proteinuria. Nephrology (Carlton) 2010;15(2):236-241. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2009.01196.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lv J, Zhang H, Zhou Y et al. Natural history of immunoglobulin A nephropathy and predictive factors of prognosis: a long-term follow up of 204 cases in China. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008;13(3):242-246. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00898.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lv J, Zhang H, Zhou Y et al. Natural history of immunoglobulin A nephropathy and predictive factors of prognosis: a long-term follow up of 204 cases in China. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008;13(3):242-246. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00898.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coppo R, D'Amico G. Factors predicting progression of IgA nephropathies. J Nephrol 2005 Sep-Oct;18(5):503-512</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coppo R, D'Amico G. Factors predicting progression of IgA nephropathies. J Nephrol 2005 Sep-Oct;18(5):503-512</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edström Halling S, Söderberg MP, Berg UB. Predictors of outcome in paediatric IgA nephropathy with regard to clinical and histopathological variables (Oxford classification). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012 Feb;27(2):715-722. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edström Halling S, Söderberg MP, Berg UB. Predictors of outcome in paediatric IgA nephropathy with regard to clinical and histopathological variables (Oxford classification). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012 Feb;27(2):715-722. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goto M, Kawamura T, Wakai K et al. Risk stratification for progression of IgA nephropathy using a decision tree induction algorithm. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(4):1242-1247. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfn610</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goto M, Kawamura T, Wakai K et al. Risk stratification for progression of IgA nephropathy using a decision tree induction algorithm. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(4):1242-1247. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfn610</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aucella F, Netti GS, Piemontese M et al. Proteinuria in the prognosis of IgA nephropathy. Minerva Urol Nefrol 2009;61(3):235-248</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aucella F, Netti GS, Piemontese M et al. Proteinuria in the prognosis of IgA nephropathy. Minerva Urol Nefrol 2009;61(3):235-248</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yao J, Ke Z, Wang X et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells are associated with disease progression in patients with IgA nephropathy. Mol Med Rep 2014;10(1):39-44. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2179</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yao J, Ke Z, Wang X et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells are associated with disease progression in patients with IgA nephropathy. Mol Med Rep 2014;10(1):39-44. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Du R, Zhao L, Xia L et al. Association of URG11 and Twist with clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28(9):2268-2276. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft252</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Du R, Zhao L, Xia L et al. Association of URG11 and Twist with clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28(9):2268-2276. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft252</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lai KN, Tang SC, Leung JC. Recent advances in IgA nephropathy–the glomerulopodocytic-tubular communication. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2011;72:40-44. doi: 10.1159/000324593</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lai KN, Tang SC, Leung JC. Recent advances in IgA nephropathy–the glomerulopodocytic-tubular communication. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2011;72:40-44. doi: 10.1159/000324593</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fragiadaki M, Mason RM. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal fibrosis – evidence for and against. Int J Exp Pathol 2011;92(3):143-150. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00775.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fragiadaki M, Mason RM. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal fibrosis – evidence for and against. Int J Exp Pathol 2011;92(3):143-150. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00775.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fine LG, Norman JT. Chronic hypoxia as a mechanism of progression of chronic kidney diseases: from hypothesis to novel therapeutics. Kidney Int 2008;74(7):867-872. doi: 10.1038/ki.2008.350</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fine LG, Norman JT. Chronic hypoxia as a mechanism of progression of chronic kidney diseases: from hypothesis to novel therapeutics. Kidney Int 2008;74(7):867-872. doi: 10.1038/ki.2008.350</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Piazza M, Rossi GP. The Key Role of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Hypertensive Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20(14):3567. doi: 10.3390/ijms20143567</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Piazza M, Rossi GP. The Key Role of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Hypertensive Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20(14):3567. doi: 10.3390/ijms20143567</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walk JC, Ayati BP, Holstein SA. Modeling the Effects of Multiple Myeloma on Kidney Function. Sci Rep 2019;9(1):1726.doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38129-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walk JC, Ayati BP, Holstein SA. Modeling the Effects of Multiple Myeloma on Kidney Function. Sci Rep 2019;9(1):1726. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-38129-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchison CA, Batuman V, Behrens J et al. International Kidney and Monoclonal Gammopathy Research Group. The pathogenesis and diagnosis of acute kidney injury in multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011;8(1):43-51. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2011.168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchison CA, Batuman V, Behrens J et al. International Kidney and Monoclonal Gammopathy Research Group. The pathogenesis and diagnosis of acute kidney injury in multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011;8(1):43-51. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2011.168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ying WZ, Wang PX, Aaron KJ et al. Immunoglobulin light chains activate nuclear factor-κB in renal epithelial cells through a Src-dependent mechanism. Blood 2011;117(4):1301-1307.doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-302505</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ying WZ, Wang PX, Aaron KJ et al. Immunoglobulin light chains activate nuclear factor-κB in renal epithelial cells through a Src-dependent mechanism. Blood 2011;117(4):1301-1307. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-302505</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basnayake K, Ying WZ, Wang PX, Sanders PW. Immunoglobulin light chains activate tubular epithelial cells through redox signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(7):1165-1173. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2009101089</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Basnayake K, Ying WZ, Wang PX, Sanders PW. Immunoglobulin light chains activate tubular epithelial cells through redox signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(7):1165-1173. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2009101089</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ying WZ, Li X, Rangarajan S, Feng W et al. Immunoglobulin light chains generate proinflammatory and profibrotic kidney injury. J Clin Invest 2019;129(7):2792-2806. doi: 10.1172/JCI125517</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ying WZ, Li X, Rangarajan S, Feng W et al. Immunoglobulin light chains generate proinflammatory and profibrotic kidney injury. J Clin Invest 2019;129(7):2792-2806. doi: 10.1172/JCI125517</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Batuman V. Proximal tubular injury in myeloma. Contrib Nephrol 2007;153:87-104. doi: 10.1159/000096762</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batuman V. Proximal tubular injury in myeloma. Contrib Nephrol 2007;153:87-104. doi: 10.1159/000096762</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajasekaran A, Julian BA, Rizk DV. IgA Nephropathy: An Interesting Autoimmune Kidney Disease. Am J Med Sci 2020:S0002-9629(20)30435-3. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.10.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajasekaran A, Julian BA, Rizk DV. IgA Nephropathy: An Interesting Autoimmune Kidney Disease. Am J Med Sci 2020:S0002-9629(20)30435-3. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.10.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sallustio F, Curci C, Chaoul N et al. High levels of guthoming immunoglobulin A-positive+B lymphocytes support the pathogenic role of intestinal mucosal hyperresponsiveness in immunoglobulin A nephropathy patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020:gfaa264. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa264</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sallustio F, Curci C, Chaoul N et al. High levels of guthoming immunoglobulin A-positive+B lymphocytes support the pathogenic role of intestinal mucosal hyperresponsiveness in immunoglobulin A nephropathy patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020:gfaa264. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa264</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizawa M, Suzuki Y, Suzuki H, et al. Roles of bone marrow, mucosa and lymphoid tissues in pathogenesis of murine IgA nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 2007;157:164-168. doi: 10.1159/000102462</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizawa M, Suzuki Y, Suzuki H, et al. Roles of bone marrow, mucosa and lymphoid tissues in pathogenesis of murine IgA nephropathy. Contrib Nephrol 2007;157:164-168. doi: 10.1159/000102462</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xin G, Shi W, Xu LX et al. Serum BAFF is elevated in patients with IgA nephropathy and associated with clinical and histopathological features. J Nephrol 2013;26(4):683-690. doi: 10.5301/jn.5000218</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xin G, Shi W, Xu LX et al. Serum BAFF is elevated in patients with IgA nephropathy and associated with clinical and histopathological features. J Nephrol 2013;26(4):683-690. doi: 10.5301/jn.5000218</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yeo SC, Cheung CK, Barratt J. New insights into the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33(5): 763-777. doi: 10.1007/s00467-017-3699-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yeo SC, Cheung CK, Barratt J. New insights into the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33(5): 763-777. doi: 10.1007/s00467-017-3699-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang S, Li XK. The Role of Immune Modulation in Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020;7:92. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00092</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang S, Li XK. The Role of Immune Modulation in Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020;7:92. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00092</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сиповский ВГ, Добронравов ВА, Карунная АВ, Смирнов АВ. Клинико-морфологический анализ изменений перитубулярных микрососудов интерстиция почек у больных IgA-нефропатией (IgAN) с оценкой активности лектинового пути системы комплемента. Нефрология 2013; 17(4): 89-94. doi: 10.24884/1561-6274-2013-17-4-89-94</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sipovskyi VG, Dobronravov VA, Karunnaya AV, Smirnov AV. Clinical and morphological analysis of changes of peritubular microcirculation vessels of kidney interstitial tissue in patients with IgA-nephropathy (IgAN) with estimation of lectin pathway of complement activation. Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg) 2013; 17(4): 89-94. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24884/1561-6274-2013-17-4-89-94</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trimarchi H, Barratt J, Cattran DC et al. IgAN Classification Working Group of the International IgA Nephropathy Network and the Renal Pathology Society; Conference Participants. Oxford Classification of IgA nephropathy 2016: an update from the IgA Nephropathy Classification Working Group. Kidney Int 2017;91(5):1014-1021. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trimarchi H, Barratt J, Cattran DC et al. IgAN Classification Working Group of the International IgA Nephropathy Network and the Renal Pathology Society; Conference Participants. Oxford Classification of IgA nephropathy 2016: an update from the IgA Nephropathy Classification Working Group. Kidney Int 2017;91(5):1014-1021. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronco P, Plaisier E, Mougenot B, Aucouturier P. Immunoglobulin light (heavy)-chain deposition disease: from molecular medicine to pathophysiology-driven therapy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1(6):1342-1350. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01730506</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronco P, Plaisier E, Mougenot B, Aucouturier P. Immunoglobulin light (heavy)-chain deposition disease: from molecular medicine to pathophysiology-driven therapy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1(6):1342-1350. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01730506</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parasuraman R, Wolforth SC, Wiesend WN et al. Contribution of polyclonal free light chain deposition to tubular injury. Am J Nephrol 2013;38(6):465-474. doi: 10.1159/000356557</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parasuraman R, Wolforth SC, Wiesend WN et al. Contribution of polyclonal free light chain deposition to tubular injury. Am J Nephrol 2013;38(6):465-474. doi: 10.1159/000356557</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rocchetti MT, Papale M, d'Apollo AM et al. Association of urinary laminin G-like 3 and free K light chains with disease activity and histological injury in IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8(7):1115-1125. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05950612</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rocchetti MT, Papale M, d'Apollo AM et al. Association of urinary laminin G-like 3 and free K light chains with disease activity and histological injury in IgA nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8(7):1115-1125. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05950612</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mastroianni-Kirsztajn G, Nishida SK, Pereira AB. Are urinary levels of free light chains of immunoglobulins useful markers for differentiating between systemic lupus erythematosus and infection? Nephron Clin Pract 2008;110(4):c258-263. doi: 10.1159/000167874</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mastroianni-Kirsztajn G, Nishida SK, Pereira AB. Are urinary levels of free light chains of immunoglobulins useful markers for differentiating between systemic lupus erythematosus and infection? Nephron Clin Pract 2008;110(4):c258-263. doi: 10.1159/000167874</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsai CY, Wu TH, Sun KH et al. Increased excretion of soluble interleukin 2 receptors and free light chain immunoglobulins in the urine of patients with active lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(2):168-172. doi: 10.1136/ard.51.2.168</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsai CY, Wu TH, Sun KH et al. Increased excretion of soluble interleukin 2 receptors and free light chain immunoglobulins in the urine of patients with active lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(2):168-172. doi: 10.1136/ard.51.2.168</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desjardins L, Liabeuf S, Lenglet A: Association between Free Light Chain levels, and disease progression and Mortality in chronic kidney disease. Toxins (Basel) 2013;5(11):2058-2073. doi: 10.3390/toxins5112058</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desjardins L, Liabeuf S, Lenglet A: Association between Free Light Chain levels, and disease progression and Mortality in chronic kidney disease. Toxins (Basel) 2013;5(11):2058-2073. doi: 10.3390/toxins5112058</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchison CA, Burmeister A, Harding SJ et al. Serum polyclonal immunoglobulin free light chain levels predict mortality in people with chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2014;89(5):615-622. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchison CA, Burmeister A, Harding SJ et al. Serum polyclonal immunoglobulin free light chain levels predict mortality in people with chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2014;89(5):615-622. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fenton A, Jesky MD, Webster R et al. Association between urinary free light chains and progression to end stage renal disease in chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2018;13(5):e0197043. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fenton A, Jesky MD, Webster R et al. Association between urinary free light chains and progression to end stage renal disease in chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2018;13(5):e0197043. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ritchie J, Assi LK, Burmeister A et al. Association of Serum Ig Free Light Chains with Mortality and ESRD among Patients with Nondialysis-Dependent CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;10(5):740-749. doi: 10.2215/CJN.09660914</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ritchie J, Assi LK, Burmeister A et al. Association of Serum Ig Free Light Chains with Mortality and ESRD among Patients with Nondialysis-Dependent CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;10(5):740-749. doi: 10.2215/CJN.09660914</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchison CA, Harding S, Hewins P et al. Quantitative assessment of serum and urinary polyclonal free light chains in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3(6):1684-1690. doi: 10.2215/CJN.02290508</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchison CA, Harding S, Hewins P et al. Quantitative assessment of serum and urinary polyclonal free light chains in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3(6):1684-1690. doi: 10.2215/CJN.02290508</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan LY, Leung JC, Tsang AW et al. Activation of tubular epithelial cells by mesangial-derived TNF-alpha: glomerulotubular communication in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 2005;67(2):602-612. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67116.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan LY, Leung JC, Tsang AW et al. Activation of tubular epithelial cells by mesangial-derived TNF-alpha: glomerulotubular communication in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 2005;67(2):602-612. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.67116.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bazzi C, Rizza V, Casellato D et al. Validation of some pathophysiological mechanisms of the CKD progression theory and outcome prediction in IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol 2012;25(5):810-818. doi: 10.5301/jn.5000069</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazzi C, Rizza V, Casellato D et al. Validation of some pathophysiological mechanisms of the CKD progression theory and outcome prediction in IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol 2012;25(5):810-818. doi: 10.5301/jn.5000069</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sengul S, Zwizinski C, Batuman V. Role of MAPK pathways in light chain-induced cytokine production in human proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003 Jun;284(6):F1245-1254. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00350.2002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sengul S, Zwizinski C, Batuman V. Role of MAPK pathways in light chain-induced cytokine production in human proximal tubule cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003 Jun;284(6):F1245-1254. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00350.2002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sengul S, Zwizinski C, Simon EE et al. Endocytosis of light chains induces cytokines through activation of NF-kappaB in human proximal tubule cells. Kidney Int 2002;62(6):1977-1988. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00660.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sengul S, Zwizinski C, Simon EE et al. Endocytosis of light chains induces cytokines through activation of NF-kappaB in human proximal tubule cells. Kidney Int 2002;62(6):1977-1988. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00660.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor EB, Ryan MJ. Freedom isn't always free: immunoglobulin free light chains promote renal fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2019;129(7):2660-2662. doi: 10.1172/JCI129704</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor EB, Ryan MJ. Freedom isn't always free: immunoglobulin free light chains promote renal fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2019;129(7):2660-2662. doi: 10.1172/JCI129704</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li M, Hering-Smith KS, Simon EE, Batuman V. Myeloma light chains induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23(3):860-870. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfm670</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li M, Hering-Smith KS, Simon EE, Batuman V. Myeloma light chains induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23(3):860-870. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfm670</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Upadhyay R, Ying WZ, Nasrin Z et al. Free light chains injure proximal tubule cells through the STAT1/HMGB1/TLR axis. JCI Insight 2020;5(14):e137191. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.137191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Upadhyay R, Ying WZ, Nasrin Z et al. Free light chains injure proximal tubule cells through the STAT1/HMGB1/TLR axis. JCI Insight 2020;5(14):e137191. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.137191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lai KN, Lai FM, Lo ST, Lam CW. Light chain composition of IgA in IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1988;11(5):425-429. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(88)80056-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lai KN, Lai FM, Lo ST, Lam CW. Light chain composition of IgA in IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1988;11(5):425-429. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(88)80056-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lai KN, Chui SH, Lai FM, Lam CW. Predominant synthesis of IgA with lambda light chain in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 1988;33(2):584-589. doi: 10.1038/ki.1988.37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lai KN, Chui SH, Lai FM, Lam CW. Predominant synthesis of IgA with lambda light chain in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 1988;33(2):584-589. doi: 10.1038/ki.1988.37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sörensen I, Susnik N, Inhester T et al. Fibrinogen, acting as a mitogen for tubulointerstitial fibroblasts, promotes renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 2011;80(10):1035-1044. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.214</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sörensen I, Susnik N, Inhester T et al. Fibrinogen, acting as a mitogen for tubulointerstitial fibroblasts, promotes renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 2011;80(10):1035-1044. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.214</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang F, Huang L, Tang H et al. Significance of glomerular fibrinogen deposition in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Ital J Pediatr 2018;44(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s13052-018-0538-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang F, Huang L, Tang H et al. Significance of glomerular fibrinogen deposition in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Ital J Pediatr 2018;44(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s13052-018-0538-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bábíčková J, Klinkhammer BM, Buhl EM et al. Regardless of etiology, progressive renal disease causes ultrastructural and functional alterations of peritubular capillaries. Kidney Int 2017 Jan;91(1):70-85. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bábíčková J, Klinkhammer BM, Buhl EM et al. Regardless of etiology, progressive renal disease causes ultrastructural and functional alterations of peritubular capillaries. Kidney Int 2017 Jan;91(1):70-85. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maixnerova D, Reily C, Bian Q et al. Markers for the progression of IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol 2016;29(4):535-541. doi: 10.1007/s40620-016-0299-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maixnerova D, Reily C, Bian Q et al. Markers for the progression of IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol 2016;29(4):535-541. doi: 10.1007/s40620-016-0299-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selvaskandan H, Shi S, Twaij S et al. Monitoring Immune Responses in IgA Nephropathy: Biomarkers to Guide Management. Front Immunol 2020;11:572754. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572754</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selvaskandan H, Shi S, Twaij S et al. Monitoring Immune Responses in IgA Nephropathy: Biomarkers to Guide Management. Front Immunol 2020;11:572754. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572754</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A et al. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol 2014;15(12):e538-548. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70442-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A et al. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol 2014;15(12):e538-548. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70442-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tate JR. The Paraprotein – an Enduring Biomarker. Clin Biochem Rev 2019;40(1):5-22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tate JR. The Paraprotein – an Enduring Biomarker. Clin Biochem Rev 2019;40(1):5-22</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleming CKA, Swarttouw T, de Kat Angelino CM et al. Method comparison of four clinically available assays for serum free light chain analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019;58(1):85-94. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0533</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleming CKA, Swarttouw T, de Kat Angelino CM et al. Method comparison of four clinically available assays for serum free light chain analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019;58(1):85-94. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0533</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
