nefrНефрологияNephrology (Saint-Petersburg)1561-62742541-9439Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University10.36485/1561-6274-2021-25-4-23-32nefr-2006Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEWS AND LECTURESСовременные представления о патогенезе хантавирусной нефропатии (Обзор литературы)Contemporary view about the pathogenesis of Hantavirus nephropathy (Literature rewiew)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1851-0941СалуховВ. В.SalukhovV. V.

Доц. Салухов Владимир Владимирович, д-р мед. наук

1-я кафедра (терапии усовершенствования врачей), начальник кафедры

194044, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Акад. Лебедева, д. 6

Тел.: 89313664210

Associate Prof. Vladimir V. Salukhov MD, DMedSci

1 department (therapy for advanced training of doctors), head of the depart

194044, Russia, St.-Petersburg, Ac. Lebedev st., 6.

Phone: 89313664210

vlasaluk@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7553-0634КоваленкоА. Н.KovalenkoA. N.

Доц. Коваленко Александр Николаевич, д-р мед. наук

Кафедра инфекционных болезней (с курсом медицинской паразитологии)

194044, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Акад. Лебедева, д. 6.

Тел.: 89119268754

Associate Prof. Alexander N. Kovalenko MD, DMedSci

Department of Infectious Diseases (with a course of medical parasitology)

194044, Russia, St.-Petersburg, Ac. Lebedev st., 6.

Phone: 89119268754

ank561@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7914-6173РудаковЮ. В.RudakovYu. V.

Доц. Рудаков Юрий Викторович, канд. мед. наук

1 кафедра (терапии усовершенствования врачей)

194044, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Акад. Лебедева, д. 6.

Тел.: 89522280496

Associate Prof. Yury V. Rudakov MD, CMedSci

1 department (therapy for advanced training of doctors)

194044, Russia, St.-Petersburg, Ac. Lebedev st., 6. 

Phone: 89522280496

rudakov_yura@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8191-5039ШелухинВ. А.ShelukhinV. A.

Доц. Шелухин Владимир Александрович, канд. мед. наук

кафедра Нефрологии и эфферентной терапии

194044, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Акад. Лебедева, д. 6

 Тел.: 89117131725

Associate Prof. Vladimir A. Shelukhin MD, CMedSci

Department of Nephrology and Efferent Therapy

194044, Russia, St.-Petersburg, Ac. Lebedev st., 6

Phone: 89117131725

НагибовичО. А.NagibovichO. A.

Доц. Нагибович Олег Александрович, д-р мед. наук

Научно-исследовательский центр, начальник центра

194044, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Акад. Лебедева, д. 6 

Тел.: 89219327929

Associate Prof. Oleg A. Nagibovich MD, DMedSciResearch Center, head of the center

194044, Russia, St.-Petersburg, Ac. Lebedev st., 6. 

Phone: 89219327929

olegnagibovich@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8459-6758КанЕ. А.KanE. A.

Кан Елена Альбертовна

1-я кафедра (терапии усовершенствования врачей), начальник отделения

194044, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Акад. Лебедева, д. 6

Тел.: 89095793415

Kan Elena Albertovna MD

1 department (therapy for advanced training of doctors), head of the depart

194044, Russia, St.-Petersburg, Ac. Lebedev st., 6

Phone: 89095793415

hegay76@mail.ruВоенно-медицинская академия им. С.М. КироваРоссияMilitary Medical Academy named after S.М. KirovRussian Federation2021140720212542332Copyright © Салухов В.В., Коваленко А.Н., Рудаков Ю.В., Шелухин В.А., Нагибович О.А., Кан Е.А., 20212021Салухов В.В., Коваленко А.Н., Рудаков Ю.В., Шелухин В.А., Нагибович О.А., Кан Е.А.Salukhov V.V., Kovalenko A.N., Rudakov Y.V., Shelukhin V.A., Nagibovich O.A., Kan E.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/2006

Хантавирусной нефропатией (ХВН) принято считать острое повреждение почек (ОПП), ассоциированное с хантавирусной инфекцией (ХВИ). Данная инфекция в странах Европейского и Азиатского континентов вызывает геморрагическую лихорадку с почечным синдромом (ГЛПС). Однако до 60 % поражения почек проявляются патологическими изменениями мочевого осадка без признаков ОПП, в связи с чем были обсуждены проблемы терминологии и диагностики поражения почек при ГЛПС. Представлен обзор мировой литературы последних лет, посвящённый изучению современных данных патогенеза ХВИ. Выявлены данные, объясняющие органную специфичность реализации патологического процесса при различных вариантах ХВИ. Рассмотрены механизмы, касающиеся различных аспектов патогенеза хантавирусной нефропатии. Перечислены факторы, изменяющие функциональную активность клеток-мишеней посредством прямого действия вируса, и факторы, опосредованные иммунным ответом биологического хозяина на вирусные белки в виде действия цитокинов («цитокиновый шторм»), вызывающих повреждение таргетных органов (косвенные факторы). Показано влияние серотипа хантавируса, генетических факторов и характера иммунного ответа организма биологического хозяина на тяжесть ренальной дисфункции. Раскрыто понятие «острого повреждения подоцитов», объясняющее массивную протеинурию в дебюте заболевания. Представлены молекулярные и клеточные механизмы повреждения основных компартментов почки при хантавирусной инфекции. Продемонстрированы нарушения гемостаза и механизмы гиперкоагуляции, лежащие в основе гломерулярного ОПП вследствие острого микроваскулярного синдрома, реализующегося в виде диссеминированного внутрисосудистого свертывания крови (ДВС), гемолитико-уремического синдрома (ГУС), тромботической микроангиопатии (ТМА). Продемонстрированы результаты экспериментальных данных, полученных на лабораторной модели инфекции и в клеточной культуре, гистологических исследований аутопсийного материала и нефробиоптатов пациентов с хантавирусной нефропатией.

Hantavirus nephropathy (CVI) is considered to be acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with hantavirus infection (CVI). This infection in the countries of the European and Asian continents causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). However, up to 60% of kidney damage is manifested by pathological changes in urinary sediment without signs of AKI, in connection with which the problems of terminology and diagnosis of kidney damage in HFRS were discussed. A review of the world literature of recent years, devoted to the study of modern data on the pathogenesis of CVI, is presented. The data were revealed that explain the organ specificity of the pathological process in different variants of CVI. The data were revealed that explain the organ specificity of the pathological process in different variants of CVI. The mechanisms related to various aspects of the pathogenesis of hantavirus nephropathy are considered. The factors that alter the functional activity of target cells through the direct action of the virus and the factors mediated by the immune response of the biological host to viral proteins in the form of the action of cytokines ("cytokine storm") causing damage to target organs (indirect factors) are listed. The influence of the hantavirus serotype, genetic factors, and the nature of the immune response of the biological host organism on the severity of renal dysfunction was shown. The concept of "acute damage to podocytes" is disclosed, which explains massive protein uria at the onset of the disease. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of damage to the main compartments of the kidney during hantavirus infection are presented. Disorders of hemostasis and mechanisms of hypercoagulation were demonstrated that underlie glomerular AKI due to acute microvascular syndrome, which is realized in the form of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). The results of experimental data obtained on a laboratory model of infection and in cell culture, histological studies of autopsy material, and nephrobiopsy specimens from patients with hantavirus nephropathy are demonstrated.

хантавирусные инфекциигеморрагическая лихорадка с почечным синдромомхантавирусная нефропатияпатогенезhantavirus infectionshemorrhagic fever with renal syndromehantavirus nephropathypathogenesisReferencesAvšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M. Hantavirus infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019;21S:e6–16. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12291Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M. Hantavirus infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019;21S:e6–16. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12291Tkachenko EA, Ishmukhametov AA, Dzagurova TK et al. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Russia. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25(12):2325–2328. doi: 10.3201/eid2512.181649Tkachenko EA, Ishmukhametov AA, Dzagurova TK et al. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Russia. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25(12):2325–2328. doi: 10.3201/eid2512.181649Chandy S, Mathai D. Globally emerging hantaviruses: An overview. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017;35:165–175Chandy S, Mathai D. Globally emerging hantaviruses: An overview. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017;35:165–175Clement J, Chang JS, Chen HC, Maes P. Hantaviral Infections. In: Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. Turner N, Lameire N, Goldsmith D, Winearls C, Himmelfarb J, et al. (4th Edtn) Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 2015;1577–1580Clement J, Chang JS, Chen HC, Maes P. Hantaviral Infections. In: Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology. Turner N, Lameire N, Goldsmith D, Winearls C, Himmelfarb J, et al. (4th Edtn) Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 2015;1577–1580Krüger D, Hofmann J, Krautkrämer E et al. Bedrohung durch zoonotische Viren: Neues zur Hantavirus-Erkrankung. DMW – Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 2014;139(31/32):1576– 1578. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1370207Krüger D, Hofmann J, Krautkrämer E et al. Bedrohung durch zoonotische Viren: Neues zur Hantavirus-Erkrankung. DMW – Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 2014;139(31/32):1576– 1578. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1370207Swanink C, Reimerink J, Gisolf J et al. Autochthonous Human Case of Seoul Virus Infection, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2018;24(12):2158–2163. doi: 10.3201/eid2412.180229Swanink C, Reimerink J, Gisolf J et al. Autochthonous Human Case of Seoul Virus Infection, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2018;24(12):2158–2163. doi: 10.3201/eid2412.180229Mustonen J, Outinen T, Laine O et al. Kidney disease in Puumala hantavirus infection. Infectious Diseases 2017;49:5:321– 332. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1274421Mustonen J, Outinen T, Laine O et al. Kidney disease in Puumala hantavirus infection. Infectious Diseases 2017;49:5:321– 332. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1274421Krautkrämer, E & Zeier M. Old World hantaviruses: Aspects of pathogenesis and clinical course of acute renal failure. Virus Research 2014;187:59–64. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.043Krautkrämer, E & Zeier M. Old World hantaviruses: Aspects of pathogenesis and clinical course of acute renal failure. Virus Research 2014;187:59–64. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.043Latus J, Schwab M, Tacconelli E et al. Acute kidney injury and tools for risk-stratification in 456 patients with hantavirus-induced nephropathia epidemica. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:245Latus J, Schwab M, Tacconelli E et al. Acute kidney injury and tools for risk-stratification in 456 patients with hantavirus-induced nephropathia epidemica. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:245Meier M, Kramer J, Jabs W et al. Proteinuria and the Clinical Course of Dobrava-Belgrade Hantavirus Infection. Nephron Extra 2018;8:1–10. doi: 10.1159/000486322Meier M, Kramer J, Jabs W et al. Proteinuria and the Clinical Course of Dobrava-Belgrade Hantavirus Infection. Nephron Extra 2018;8:1–10. doi: 10.1159/000486322Pal E, Korva M, Resman Rus K et al. Sequential assessment of clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. PLoS ONE 2018;13(5):e0197661. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197661Pal E, Korva M, Resman Rus K et al. Sequential assessment of clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. PLoS ONE 2018;13(5):e0197661. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197661Yang L. Acute Kidney Injury in Asia. Kidney Dis (Basel) 2016; 2(3):95–102. doi: 10.1159/000441887Yang L. Acute Kidney Injury in Asia. Kidney Dis (Basel) 2016; 2(3):95–102. doi: 10.1159/000441887Witkowski PT, Perley СC, Brocato RL et al. Gastrointestinal Tract As Entry Route for Hantavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2017;8:1721Witkowski PT, Perley СC, Brocato RL et al. Gastrointestinal Tract As Entry Route for Hantavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2017;8:1721Zou L, Chen MJ, Sun L. Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: literature revie wand distribution analysis in China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016;43:95–100. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.01.003Zou L, Chen MJ, Sun L. Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: literature revie wand distribution analysis in China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016;43:95–100. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.01.003Li N, Luo F, Chen Q et al. IFN-λs inhibit Hantaan virus infection through the JAK-STAT pathway and expression of Mx2 protein. Genes Immun 2019;20(3):234–244. doi: 10.1038/s41435-018-0028-xLi N, Luo F, Chen Q et al. IFN-λs inhibit Hantaan virus infection through the JAK-STAT pathway and expression of Mx2 protein. Genes Immun 2019;20(3):234–244. doi: 10.1038/s41435-018-0028-xSolà-Riera C, García M, Ljunggren H-G, Klingström J. Hantavirus inhibits apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial membrane potential loss through up-regulation of the pro-survival factor BCL-2. PLoS Pathog 2020;16(2):e1008297. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008297Solà-Riera C, García M, Ljunggren H-G, Klingström J. Hantavirus inhibits apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial membrane potential loss through up-regulation of the pro-survival factor BCL-2. PLoS Pathog 2020;16(2):e1008297. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008297Solà-Riera C, Gupta S, Ljunggren H-G, Klingström J. Orthohantaviruses belonging to three phylogroups all inhibit apoptosis in infected target cells. Scientific Reports 2019;9(1):834. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37446-1Solà-Riera C, Gupta S, Ljunggren H-G, Klingström J. Orthohantaviruses belonging to three phylogroups all inhibit apoptosis in infected target cells. Scientific Reports 2019;9(1):834. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37446-1Sola`-Riera С, Gupta S, Maleki KT et al. Hantavirus Inhibits TRAIL-Mediated Killing of Infected Cells by Downregulating Death Receptor 5. Cell Reports 2019;28(8):2124–2139. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.066Sola`-Riera С, Gupta S, Maleki KT et al. Hantavirus Inhibits TRAIL-Mediated Killing of Infected Cells by Downregulating Death Receptor 5. Cell Reports 2019;28(8):2124–2139. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.066Wang K, Ma H, Liu H et al. The Glycoprotein and Nucleocapsid Protein of Hantaviruses Manipulate Autophagy Flux to Restrain Host Innate Immune Responses. Cell Reports 2019;27(7): 2075–2091.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.061Wang K, Ma H, Liu H et al. The Glycoprotein and Nucleocapsid Protein of Hantaviruses Manipulate Autophagy Flux to Restrain Host Innate Immune Responses. Cell Reports 2019;27(7): 2075–2091.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.061Martynova EV, Maksudova AN, Shakirova VG et. al. Urinary Clusterin Is Upregulated in Nephropathia Epidemica. Disease MarkersVolume. 2018; https://www.hindawi.com/ journals/dm/2018/8658507. doi: 10.1155/2018/8658507(дата обращения 12.11.2020 г.)Martynova EV, Maksudova AN, Shakirova VG et. al. Urinary Clusterin Is Upregulated in Nephropathia Epidemica. Disease MarkersVolume. 2018; https://www.hindawi.com/ journals/dm/2018/8658507. doi: 10.1155/2018/8658507(дата обращения 12.11.2020 г.)Jangra RK, Herbert AS, Li R et al. Protocadherin-1 is essential for cell entry by New World hantaviruses. Nature 2018;563:559–563. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0702-1Jangra RK, Herbert AS, Li R et al. Protocadherin-1 is essential for cell entry by New World hantaviruses. Nature 2018;563:559–563. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0702-1Малкин ГА, Дзагурова ТК, Морозов ИА, Ткаченко ЕА. Морфологическая характеристика хантавирусов в культуре клеток VERO E6. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2015;2-1 URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/ view?id=17381 (дата обращения 26.11.2020 г.)Malkin GA, Dzagurova TK, Morozov IA, Tkachenko EA. Morphological characteristics of hantaviruses in VERO E6 cell culture. Modern problems of science and education 2015;2-1 (In Russ.)Strandin T, Hepojoki J, Laine O et al. Interferons Induce STAT1–Dependent Expression of Tissue Plasminogen Activator, a Pathogenicity Factor in Puumala Hantavirus Disease. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016;213(10):1632–1641. doi: 10.1093/ infdis/jiv764Strandin T, Hepojoki J, Laine O et al. Interferons Induce STAT1–Dependent Expression of Tissue Plasminogen Activator, a Pathogenicity Factor in Puumala Hantavirus Disease. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016;213(10):1632–1641. doi: 10.1093/ infdis/jiv764Bellomo C, Korva M, Papa A et al. Differential Regulation of PAI-1 in Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome and Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018;5(2):ofy021. Published 2018 Jan 17. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy021Bellomo C, Korva M, Papa A et al. Differential Regulation of PAI-1 in Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome and Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018;5(2):ofy021. Published 2018 Jan 17. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy021Khaiboullina SF, Levis S, Morzunov SP et al. Serum Cytokine Profiles Differentiating Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. Front. Immunol 2017;8:567. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00567Khaiboullina SF, Levis S, Morzunov SP et al. Serum Cytokine Profiles Differentiating Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. Front. Immunol 2017;8:567. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00567Pal E, Korva M, Resman Rus K et al. Relationship between circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and its soluble receptor in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Emerging microbes & infections 2018;7(1):89. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0090-5Pal E, Korva M, Resman Rus K et al. Relationship between circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and its soluble receptor in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Emerging microbes & infections 2018;7(1):89. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0090-5Perdomo-Celis F, Salvato MS, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC. T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines 2019;7(1):11. doi: 10.3390/vaccines7010011Perdomo-Celis F, Salvato MS, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC. T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines 2019;7(1):11. doi: 10.3390/vaccines7010011Mittler E, Dieterle ME, Kleinfelter LM et al. Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances. Adv Virus Res 2019;104:185–224. doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.002Mittler E, Dieterle ME, Kleinfelter LM et al. Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances. Adv Virus Res 2019;104:185–224. doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.002Kallel H, Matheus S, Mayence C. et al. Capillary leaksyndrome triggered by Maripa virus in French Guiana: case report and implication for pathogenesis. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19(1):260. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3887-5Kallel H, Matheus S, Mayence C. et al. Capillary leaksyndrome triggered by Maripa virus in French Guiana: case report and implication for pathogenesis. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19(1):260. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3887-5Krautkrämer E, Zeier M, Plyusnin A. Hantavirus infection: an emerging infectious disease causing acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2013;83(1):23–27. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.360Krautkrämer E, Zeier M, Plyusnin A. Hantavirus infection: an emerging infectious disease causing acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2013;83(1):23–27. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.360Hepojoki J, Vaheri A, Strandin T. The fundamental role of endothelial cells in hantavirus pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2014;5:727. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00727Hepojoki J, Vaheri A, Strandin T. The fundamental role of endothelial cells in hantavirus pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2014;5:727. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00727Jiang H, Du H, Wang LM, Wang PZ, Bai XF. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Picture. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016;6:1. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00001Jiang H, Du H, Wang LM, Wang PZ, Bai XF. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Picture. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016;6:1. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00001Mackow ER, Gorbunova EE, Gavrilovskaya IN. Endothelial cell dysfunction in viral hemorrhage and edema. Front Microbiol 2015;5:733. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00733Mackow ER, Gorbunova EE, Gavrilovskaya IN. Endothelial cell dysfunction in viral hemorrhage and edema. Front Microbiol 2015;5:733. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00733Павлов ВН, Фазлыева РМ, Мирсаева ГХ. и др. Гемор- рагическая лихорадка с почечным синдромом. Актуальные вопросы патогенеза, клиники, диагностики и лечения. М., 2019; 20–32Pavlov VN, Fazlyeva RM, Mirsaeva GH. et al. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Topical issues of pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment. Moscow, 2019; 20–32 (In Russ.)Тюгаева ЕА, Корчагин ВИ, Миронов КО, Платонов АЕ. Генетические факторы, определяющие индивидуальные особенности течения геморрагической лихорадки с почечным синдромом. Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика 2019;18(2):113–122. doi: 10.31631/2073-3046-2019-18-2-113-122Tyugaeva EA, Korchagin VI, Mironov KO, Platonov AE. Genetic factors that determine the individual characteristics of the course of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Epidemiology and Vaccine Prophylaxis 2019;18(2):113–122 (In Russ.)Korva, M, Resman Rus K, Pavletič M et al. Characterization of Biomarker Levels in Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Hantavirus Fever with Renal Syndrome. Viruses 2019;11(8):686. doi: 11.686.10.3390/v11080686Korva, M, Resman Rus K, Pavletič M et al. Characterization of Biomarker Levels in Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and Hantavirus Fever with Renal Syndrome. Viruses 2019;11(8):686. doi: 11.686.10.3390/v11080686Евсеев АН. Клинико-морфологический анализ изме- нений в почках при геморрагической лихорадке с почечным синдромом. Материалы V съезда Российского общества патологоанатомов. Группа МДВ, М., 2017; 99Evseev AN. Clinical and morphological analysis of changes in the kidneys in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Materials of the V Congress of the Russian Society of Pathologists. Group MDV, M., 2017; 99 (In Russ.)Chand S, Thapa S, Kon S et al. Hantavirus Infection with Renal Failure and Proteinuria, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;26(2):383–385. doi: 10.3201/eid2602.191349Chand S, Thapa S, Kon S et al. Hantavirus Infection with Renal Failure and Proteinuria, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;26(2):383–385. doi: 10.3201/eid2602.191349Clement J, Ahlm C, Avšič-Županc T et al. Meeting report: Eleventh international conference on hantaviruses. Antiviral Research 2020;176:104733. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104733Clement J, Ahlm C, Avšič-Županc T et al. Meeting report: Eleventh international conference on hantaviruses. Antiviral Research 2020;176:104733. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104733Mantula PS, Outinen TK, Clement JP et al. Glomerular Proteinuria Predicts the Severity of Acute Kidney Injury in Puumala Hantavirus-Induced Tubulointerstitial Nephritis. Nephron 2017;136:193–201. doi: 10.1159/000459634Mantula PS, Outinen TK, Clement JP et al. Glomerular Proteinuria Predicts the Severity of Acute Kidney Injury in Puumala Hantavirus-Induced Tubulointerstitial Nephritis. Nephron 2017;136:193–201. doi: 10.1159/000459634Салухов ВВ, Кан ЕА, Коваленко АН и др. Нефротические маски геморрагической лихорадки с почечным синдромом. Лечение и профилактика 2017;7(4(24)):65–69Salukhov VV, Kan EA, Kovalenko AN. et al. Nephrotic masks of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Treatment and prevention 2017;7(4(24)):65–69 (In Russ.)Outinen T, Mantula P, Laine O et al. Haematuria is a marker for the severity of acute kidney injury but does not associate with thrombocytopenia in acute Puumala hantavirus infection. Infectious Diseases 2017;49(11-12):840–846. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1358461Outinen T, Mantula P, Laine O et al. Haematuria is a marker for the severity of acute kidney injury but does not associate with thrombocytopenia in acute Puumala hantavirus infection. Infectious Diseases 2017;49(11-12):840–846. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1358461Latus J, Kitterer D, Dippon J et al. Polyuria in Hantavirus Infection Reflects Disease Severity and Is Associated with Prolonged Hospital Stay: A Systematic Analysis of 335 Patients from Southern Germany. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2014;128:111–115. doi: 10.1159/000368934Latus J, Kitterer D, Dippon J et al. Polyuria in Hantavirus Infection Reflects Disease Severity and Is Associated with Prolonged Hospital Stay: A Systematic Analysis of 335 Patients from Southern Germany. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2014;128:111–115. doi: 10.1159/000368934Tietäväinen J, Mantula P, Outinen T et al. Glucosuria predicts the severity of Puumala hantavirus infection. Kidney Int. Rep 2019;4(9):1296–1303. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.05.770Tietäväinen J, Mantula P, Outinen T et al. Glucosuria predicts the severity of Puumala hantavirus infection. Kidney Int. Rep 2019;4(9):1296–1303. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.05.770Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Румянцев АШ и др. Национальные рекомендации. Острое повреждение почек: основные принципы диагностики, профилактики и терапии. Часть I. Нефрология 2016;20(1):79–104Smirnov AV, Dobronravov VA, Rumyantsev ASh. et al. National recommendations. Acute kidney injury: basic principles of diagnosis, prevention and therapy. Part I. Nephrology (SaintPetersburg) 2016;20(1): 79–104 (In Russ.)Krautkrämer E, Grouls S, Stein N et al. Pathogenic old world hantaviruses infect renal glomerular and tubular cells and induce disassembling of cell-to-cell contacts. J Virol 2011;85(19):9811–9823. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00568-11Krautkrämer E, Grouls S, Stein N et al. Pathogenic old world hantaviruses infect renal glomerular and tubular cells and induce disassembling of cell-to-cell contacts. J Virol 2011;85(19):9811–9823. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00568-11Kronbichler A, Saleem MA, Meijers B, Shin JI. Soluble Urokinase Receptors in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Review on the Scientific Point of View. J Immunol Res 2016;2016:2068691. doi: 10.1155/2016/2068691Kronbichler A, Saleem MA, Meijers B, Shin JI. Soluble Urokinase Receptors in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Review on the Scientific Point of View. J Immunol Res 2016;2016:2068691. doi: 10.1155/2016/2068691Outinen TK, Makela S, Huttunen R et al. Urine soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels correlate with proteinuria in puumala hantavirus infection. J Intern Med 2014;276(4):387–395. doi: 10.1111/joim.12257Outinen TK, Makela S, Huttunen R et al. Urine soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels correlate with proteinuria in puumala hantavirus infection. J Intern Med 2014;276(4):387–395. doi: 10.1111/joim.12257Gnemmi V, Verine J, Vrigneaud L et al. Microvascular inflammation and acute tubular necrosis are major histologic features of hantavirus nephropathy. Hum Pathol 2015;46(6):827–835. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.02.002Gnemmi V, Verine J, Vrigneaud L et al. Microvascular inflammation and acute tubular necrosis are major histologic features of hantavirus nephropathy. Hum Pathol 2015;46(6):827–835. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.02.002Hägele S, Müller A, Nusshag C et al. Motility of human renal cells is disturbed by infection with pathogenic hantaviruses. BMC Infect Dis 2018;645. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3583-xHägele S, Müller A, Nusshag C et al. Motility of human renal cells is disturbed by infection with pathogenic hantaviruses. BMC Infect Dis 2018;645. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3583-xGorbunova EE, Simons M J, Gavrilovskaya IN, Mackow ER. The Andes Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Directs Basal Endothelial Cell Permeability by Activating RhoA. mBio 2016;7(5):e01747–16. doi:10.1128/mBio.01747-16Gorbunova EE, Simons M J, Gavrilovskaya IN, Mackow ER. The Andes Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Directs Basal Endothelial Cell Permeability by Activating RhoA. mBio 2016;7(5):e01747–16. doi:10.1128/mBio.01747-16Guo J, Guo X, Wang Y. et al. Cytokine response to Hantaan virus infection in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Med Virol 2017;89:1139–1145. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24752Guo J, Guo X, Wang Y. et al. Cytokine response to Hantaan virus infection in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. J Med Virol 2017;89:1139–1145. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24752Klingström J, SmedSörensen A, Maleki KT et al. Innate and adaptive immune responses against human Puumala virus infection: Immunopathogenesis and suggestions for novel treatment strategies for severe hantavirus associated syndromes. J Intern Med 2019;285:510–523. doi: 10.1111/joim.12876Klingström J, SmedSörensen A, Maleki KT et al. Innate and adaptive immune responses against human Puumala virus infection: Immunopathogenesis and suggestions for novel treatment strategies for severe hantavirus associated syndromes. J Intern Med 2019;285:510–523. doi: 10.1111/joim.12876Manigold T, Vial P. Human hantavirus infections: epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and immunology. Swiss Med Wkly 2014;144:w13937. doi: 10.4414/smw.2014.13937Manigold T, Vial P. Human hantavirus infections: epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and immunology. Swiss Med Wkly 2014;144:w13937. doi: 10.4414/smw.2014.13937Clement J, Colson P, Saegeman V et al. ‘Bedside assessment’ of acute hantavirus infections and their possible classification into the spectrum of haemophagocytic syndromes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016;35(7):1101–1106. doi: 10.1007/s10096-016-2638-4Clement J, Colson P, Saegeman V et al. ‘Bedside assessment’ of acute hantavirus infections and their possible classification into the spectrum of haemophagocytic syndromes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016;35(7):1101–1106. doi: 10.1007/s10096-016-2638-4Yang X, Wang C, Wu L et al. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in West China: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19(1):492. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4122-0Yang X, Wang C, Wu L et al. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in West China: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19(1):492. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4122-0Aulagnon F, Lapidus N, Canet E et al. Acute kidney injury in adults with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2015;65(6):851–859. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.10.012Aulagnon F, Lapidus N, Canet E et al. Acute kidney injury in adults with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2015;65(6):851–859. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.10.012Lerolle N, Laanani M, Rivière S et al. Diversity and combinations of infectious agents in 38 adults with an infection-triggered reactive haemophagocytic syndrome: a multicenter study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22:268.e1-268.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.018Lerolle N, Laanani M, Rivière S et al. Diversity and combinations of infectious agents in 38 adults with an infection-triggered reactive haemophagocytic syndrome: a multicenter study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22:268.e1-268.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.018He FF, Bao D, Su H et al. IL-6 increases podocyte motility via MLC-mediated focal adhesion impairment and cytoskeleton disassembly. J Cell Physiol 2018;233:7173–7181. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26546He FF, Bao D, Su H et al. IL-6 increases podocyte motility via MLC-mediated focal adhesion impairment and cytoskeleton disassembly. J Cell Physiol 2018;233:7173–7181. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26546Мурзабаева РТ, Валишин ДА, Кутлугужина ФГ. Взаимосвязи между системой гемостаза и провоспалительными цитокинами при геморрагической лихорадке с почечным синдромом. Клиническая медицина 2016;2(14):12–16Murzabaeva RT, Valishin DA, Kutluguzhina FG. The relationship between the hemostatic system and proinflammatory cytokines in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Clinical medicine 2016;2(14):12–16 (In Russ.)Panghal A, Flora SJS. Chapter 4 – Viral agents including threat from emerging viral infections. In: ed. Flora S.J.S., Pachauri V. Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness. Academic Press, 2020; 65–81Panghal A, Flora SJS. Chapter 4 – Viral agents including threat from emerging viral infections. In: ed. Flora S.J.S., Pachauri V. Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness. Academic Press, 2020; 65–81Шакирова ВГ, Мартынова ЕВ, Хайбуллина СФ и др. Показатели липидного профиля и уровня фактора роста эндо- телия сосудов у больных геморрагической лихорадкой с почечным синдромом. Практическая медицина 2019;17(8):103–108. doi: 10.32000/2072-1757-2019-8-103-108Shakirova VG, Martynova EV, Khaibullina SF et al. Indicators of lipid profile and vascular endothelial growth factor level in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Practical medicine 2019;17(8):103–108 (In Russ.)Салухов ВВ, Коваленко АН, Рудаков ЮВ и др. Случай геморрагической лихорадки с почечным синдромом у пациента с ВИЧ-инфекцией. Вестник Российской Военно-Медицинской Академии Приложение 2. 2018;64(4):62–64Salukhov VV, Kovalenko AN, Rudakov YuV et al. A case of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in a patient with HIV infection. Messenger of the Russian Military Medical Academy Application 2. 2018;64(4):62–64 (In Russ.)Ivanov M, Balmasova I, Zhestkov A, Rogozina L. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Lymphocytes in Pathogenesis of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 2019;3(8):120–125. doi: 10.31080/ASMS.2019.03.0357Ivanov M, Balmasova I, Zhestkov A, Rogozina L. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Lymphocytes in Pathogenesis of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences 2019;3(8):120–125. doi: 10.31080/ASMS.2019.03.0357Ivanov FM, Balmasova IP, Sepiashvili RI. Immune status in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. International Journal on Immunorehabilitation. 2018;20(2):84–86Ivanov FM, Balmasova IP, Sepiashvili RI. Immune status in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. International Journal on Immunorehabilitation. 2018;20(2):84–86Wang M, Wang J, Kang Z et al. Kinetics and Immunodominance of Virus-Specific T Cell Responses During Hantaan Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2015;28:265–271. doi: 10.1089/vim.2014.0135Wang M, Wang J, Kang Z et al. Kinetics and Immunodominance of Virus-Specific T Cell Responses During Hantaan Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2015;28:265–271. doi: 10.1089/vim.2014.0135Shimizu K, Koma T, Yoshimatsu K et al. Appearance of renal hemorrhage in adult mice after inoculation of patient-derived hantavirus. Virol J 2017;14(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0686-8Shimizu K, Koma T, Yoshimatsu K et al. Appearance of renal hemorrhage in adult mice after inoculation of patient-derived hantavirus. Virol J 2017;14(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0686-8Li X, Du N, Xu G et al. Expression of CD206 and CD163 on intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocytes are increased in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and are correlated with disease severity. Virus Res 2018;253:92–102. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.021Li X, Du N, Xu G et al. Expression of CD206 and CD163 on intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocytes are increased in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and are correlated with disease severity. Virus Res 2018;253:92–102. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.021Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Kolstoe SE, Sánchez-García FJ. Virus Control of Cell Metabolism for Replication and Evasion of Host Immune Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019;9:95. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00095Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Kolstoe SE, Sánchez-García FJ. Virus Control of Cell Metabolism for Replication and Evasion of Host Immune Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019;9:95. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00095Perley CC, Brocato RL, Kwilas SA et al. Three asymptomatic animal infection models of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by hantaviruses. PLoS ONE 2019;14(5):e0216700. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216700Perley CC, Brocato RL, Kwilas SA et al. Three asymptomatic animal infection models of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by hantaviruses. PLoS ONE 2019;14(5):e0216700. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216700Hepojoki S, Kareinen L, Strandin T et al. Urine and Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains as Analytes for Serodiagnosis of Hantavirus Infection. Viruses 2019;11:809. doi: 10.3390/v11090809Hepojoki S, Kareinen L, Strandin T et al. Urine and Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains as Analytes for Serodiagnosis of Hantavirus Infection. Viruses 2019;11:809. doi: 10.3390/v11090809Connolly-Andersen A-M, Whitaker H, Klingström J, Ahlm C. Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Following Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome: A Self-controlled Case Series Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2018;66(2):268–273. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix777Connolly-Andersen A-M, Whitaker H, Klingström J, Ahlm C. Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Following Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome: A Self-controlled Case Series Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2018;66(2):268–273. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix777Connolly-Andersen AM, Hammargren E, Whitaker H et al. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction and stroke during hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: a self-controlled case series study. Circulation 2014;129(12):1295–1302. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001870Connolly-Andersen AM, Hammargren E, Whitaker H et al. Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction and stroke during hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: a self-controlled case series study. Circulation 2014;129(12):1295–1302. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001870Мухетдинова ГА, Фазлыева РМ, Валишин ДА и др. Тромбоцитопения и дисфункция эндотелия при геморрагиче- ской лихорадке с почечным синдромом. Журнал инфектологии 2018;10(4):48–52. doi: 10.22625/2072-6732-2018-10-4-48-52Mukhetdinova GA, Fazlyeva RM, Valishin DA et al. Thrombocytopenia and endothelial dysfunction in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Journal of Infectology 2018;10(4):48–52 (In Russ.)Connolly-Andersen AM, Sundberg E, Ahlm C et al. Increased Thrombopoiesis and Platelet Activation in Hantavirus-Infected Patients. J Infect Dis 2015;212(7):1061–1069. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv161Connolly-Andersen AM, Sundberg E, Ahlm C et al. Increased Thrombopoiesis and Platelet Activation in Hantavirus-Infected Patients. J Infect Dis 2015;212(7):1061–1069. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv161Laine O, Joutsi-Korhonen L, Lassila R et al. Elevated thrombopoietin and platelet indices confirm active thrombopoiesis but fail to predict clinical severity of puumala hantavirus infection. Medicine 2016;95(52):e5689. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005689Laine O, Joutsi-Korhonen L, Lassila R et al. Elevated thrombopoietin and platelet indices confirm active thrombopoiesis but fail to predict clinical severity of puumala hantavirus infection. Medicine 2016;95(52):e5689. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005689Outinen TK, Laine OK, Mäkelä S et al. Thrombocytopenia associates with the severity of inflammation and variables reflecting capillary leakage in Puumala Hantavirus infection, an analysis of 546 Finnish patients. Infectious Diseases 2016; 48(9):682– 687. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1192719Outinen TK, Laine OK, Mäkelä S et al. Thrombocytopenia associates with the severity of inflammation and variables reflecting capillary leakage in Puumala Hantavirus infection, an analysis of 546 Finnish patients. Infectious Diseases 2016; 48(9):682– 687. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1192719Рудаков ЮВ, Шелухин ВА, Шишкин МК и др. Клинико-эпидемиологические особенности геморрагической лихорадки с почечным синдромом в Северо-Западном регионе России. ВМЖ 2017;338(4):37 –43Rudakov YuV, Shelukhin VA, Shishkin MK. et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the North-West region of Russia. VMJ 2017;338(4):37–43 (In Russ.)Clement J, Lee APK, Verpooten GA et al. Acute hantavirus infection presenting as haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS): the importance of early clinical diagnosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018;37(1):135–140. doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-3113-6Clement J, Lee APK, Verpooten GA et al. Acute hantavirus infection presenting as haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS): the importance of early clinical diagnosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018;37(1):135–140. doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-3113-6Ghebrehiwet В, Geisbrecht В, Xu Х et al. The C1q Receptors: Focus on gC1qR/p33 (C1qBP, p32, HABP-1)1. Seminars in Immunology 2019;45:101338. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101338Ghebrehiwet В, Geisbrecht В, Xu Х et al. The C1q Receptors: Focus on gC1qR/p33 (C1qBP, p32, HABP-1)1. Seminars in Immunology 2019;45:101338. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101338Mustonen J, Mäkelä S, Outinen T et al. The pathogenesis of nephropathia epidemica: New knowledge and unanswered questions. Antiviral Research 2013;100(3):589–604. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.001Mustonen J, Mäkelä S, Outinen T et al. The pathogenesis of nephropathia epidemica: New knowledge and unanswered questions. Antiviral Research 2013;100(3):589–604. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.001Malaga-Dieguez L. Infection-Associated Glomerulonephritis. In: Trachtman H, Herlitz L, Lerma E, Hogan J. (eds) Glomerulonephritis. Springer, Cham. 2019;437–450. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49379-4_25Malaga-Dieguez L. Infection-Associated Glomerulonephritis. In: Trachtman H, Herlitz L, Lerma E, Hogan J. (eds) Glomerulonephritis. Springer, Cham. 2019;437–450. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49379-4_25Miettinen M, Mäkelä S, Haapala M et al. Glomerulonephritis emerging shortly after Puumala hantavirus infection: a report on 7 patients. Clin Nephrol 2011;75(6):550–556. doi: 10.5414/cn106483Miettinen M, Mäkelä S, Haapala M et al. Glomerulonephritis emerging shortly after Puumala hantavirus infection: a report on 7 patients. Clin Nephrol 2011;75(6):550–556. doi: 10.5414/cn106483Prasad N, Novak JE, Patel MR. Kidney Diseases Associated With Parvovirus B19, Hanta, Ebola, and Dengue Virus Infection: A Brief Review. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019;26(3):207–219. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.01.006Prasad N, Novak JE, Patel MR. Kidney Diseases Associated With Parvovirus B19, Hanta, Ebola, and Dengue Virus Infection: A Brief Review. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2019;26(3):207–219. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2019.01.006Clement J, Kuypers D, Meijers B, Van Ranst M. Hantavirus Infections with Renal Involvement do not Result in Chronic Renal Disease or Endstage Renal Failure. J Nephrol Ren Dis 2017;1:1. doi: 10.4172/2576-3962.1000103Clement J, Kuypers D, Meijers B, Van Ranst M. Hantavirus Infections with Renal Involvement do not Result in Chronic Renal Disease or Endstage Renal Failure. J Nephrol Ren Dis 2017;1:1. doi: 10.4172/2576-3962.1000103Krautkramer Е, Zeier M, Plyusnin A. Hantavirus infection causing acute renal failure. Kidney International 2012; 83(1):23– 27. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.360Krautkramer Е, Zeier M, Plyusnin A. Hantavirus infection causing acute renal failure. Kidney International 2012; 83(1):23– 27. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.360Zijlstra HW, Mulder A, Geeraedts F, Visser F. Falsely positive anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in a patient with hantavirus induced acute kidney injury – a case report. BMC nephrology 2018;19(1):286. doi: 10.1186/s12882-018-1082-3Zijlstra HW, Mulder A, Geeraedts F, Visser F. Falsely positive anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in a patient with hantavirus induced acute kidney injury – a case report. BMC nephrology 2018;19(1):286. doi: 10.1186/s12882-018-1082-3

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.