<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nefr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1561-6274</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9439</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36485/1561-6274-2021-25-6-16-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nefr-2046</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клинический фенотип, диагностика, стратегия терапии гипофосфатазии вследствие мутаций гена ALPL у педиатрических и взрoслых пациентов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical phenotype, diagnostics, strategy of hypophosphatasia therapy due to ALPL gene mutations in pediatric and adult patients</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-0124</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левиашвили</surname><given-names>Ж. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Leviashvili</surname><given-names>Zh. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Проф. Левиашвили Жанна Гавриловна - доктор медицинских наук, кафедра факультетской педиатрии.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2. Тел.: (812)4165266</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Leviashvili Zhanna Gavrilovna - Doctor of Medical, Department of Faculty Pediatrics.</p><p>194100, St. Petersburg, Litovskaya str., 2. Tel.: (812)4165266</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Jannalevi@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-4785</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савенкова</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savenkova</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Проф. Савенкова Надежда Дмитриевна - доктор медицинских наук, заведующая кафедрой факультетской педиатрии.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2. Тел.: (812)4165286</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Prof. Nadezhda Dmitrievna Savenkova - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head ofthe Department of Faculty Pediatrics.</p><p>194100, St. Petersburg, Litovskaya str., 2. Tel.: (812)4165286</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Savenkova.n.spb@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Левиашвили Ж.Г., Савенкова Н.Д., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Левиашвили Ж.Г., Савенкова Н.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Leviashvili Z.G., Savenkova N.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/2046">https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/2046</self-uri><abstract><p>Гипофосфатазия (ГФФ) / Hypophosphatasia (HPP) ORPHA 436 - редкая болезнь с аутосомно-рецессивным / аутосомно-доминантным типом наследования, обусловленного мутациями в гене ALPL, картированном на хроосоме 1р36.12, кодирующими неспецифический тканевый изофермент щелочной фосфатазы - тканеспецифическую щелочную фосфатазу (ТнЩФ/TNSALP). В настоящее время известны более 400 мутаций в гене ALPL. ГФФ характеризуется вариабельностью проявлений от легкого течения с незначительным поражением костей и зубов до тяжелых форм с поражением нервной системы, легких, почек. В разных странах данные о распространенности ГФФ различаются, средняя распространенность тяжелых форм ~3,3 случая на 1 млн новорожденных. В Европе распространенность тяжелых форм составляет 1:300 000, а умеренно тяжелых - 1:63 701. Предполагается, что распространенность легких форм ГФФ намного выше. Ожидаемая распространенность тяжелых форм в Российской Федерации - 1:100 000. ГФФ диагностируют у пациентов любого возраста (с манифестацией внутриутробно, в детском или во взрослом возрасте). ГФФ - орфанная болезнь, протекающая у пациентов с поражением многих органов и систем: костной (остеопороз, рахитические деформации, переломы, задержка роста), легких (гипоплазия легких, дыхательная недостаточность), центральной нервной системы (витамин В-зависимые судороги), почек (кальциурия, нефрокальциноз, хроническая болезнь почек). При отсутствии своевременной ферментозаместительной терапии тяжелых форм ГФФ, характеризующихся прогрессирующим течением, прогноз для жизни неблагоприятный. Единственным эффективным методом лечения пациентов является ферментозаместительная терапия в сочетании с симптоматической. В статье представлены особенности фенотипа и генотипа, клинических форм ГФФ (перинатальная тяжелая, летальная, перинатальная доброкачественная, младенческая, детская, взрослая и одонтогипофосфатазия), методы ранней диагностики, стратегия патогенетической ферментозаместительной терапии тяжелых и среднетяжелых форм у педиатрических и взрослых пациентов. При отсутствии своевременной диагностики, патогенетического лечения ГФФ существует высокий риск прогрессирования с инвалидизацией и летальным исходом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Hypophosphatasia (HPP) ORPHA 436 is a rare disease with an autosomal recessive/autosomal dominant mode of inheritance due to mutations in the ALPL gene mapped on chromosome 1p36.12, encoding a nonspecific tissue isoenzyme alkaline phosphate (TNSALP). Currently, there are more than 400 known mutations in the ALPL gene. HPF is characterized by variability of manifestations from a mild course with minor damage to bones and teeth to severe forms with damage to the nervous system, lungs, and kidneys. In different countries, data on the prevalence of HPP differ, the average prevalence of severe forms is ~ 3.3 cases per 1 million newborns. In Europe, the prevalence of severe forms is 1: 300000 and moderately severe 1: 63701. The prevalence of mild HPP is thought to be much higher. The expected prevalence of severe forms in the Russian Federation is 1: 100000. GPP is diagnosed in patients of any age (with manifestation in utero, in childhood, or in adulthood).</p><p>HPP is an orphan disease, occurring in patients with damage to many organs and systems: bone (osteoporosis, rickets, fractures, growth retardation), lungs (hypoplasia of the lungs, respiratory failure), central nervous system (vitamin B-dependent convulsions), kidney (calciuria, nephrocalcinosis, chronic kidney disease). In the absence of timely enzyme replacement therapy for severe forms of HPP, characterized by a progressive course, the prognosis for life is unfavorable. The only effective treatment for patients is enzyme replacement therapy in combination with symptomatic therapy. The article presents the features of the phenotype and genotype, clinical forms of HPP (perinatal severe, lethal, perinatal benign, infant, pediatric, adult, and odontohypophosphatasia), methods of early diagnosis, the strategy of pathogenetic enzyme replacement therapy of severe and moderate forms in pediatric and adult patients. In the absence of a timely diagnosis, pathogenetic treatment of GFF, there is a high risk of progression with disability and death.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гипофосфатазия</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>рахит</kwd><kwd>остеопороз</kwd><kwd>нефрокальциноз</kwd><kwd>судороги</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>взрослые</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hypophosphatasia</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>rickets</kwd><kwd>osteoporosis</kwd><kwd>nephrocalcinosis</kwd><kwd>convulsions</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>adults</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hypophosphatasie ©Orphanet 2020 Orphanet Urgences ORPHA http://www.orpha.net/data/patho/Emg/Int/fr/Hypophos-phatasie_FR_fr_EMG_ORPHA436.pdf2/22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hypophosphatasie ©Orphanet 2020 Orphanet Urgences ORPHA http://www.orpha.net/data/patho/Emg/Int/fr/Hypophos-phatasie_FR_fr_EMG_ORPHA436.pdf2/22</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OMIMhttps://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score+desc%2C+prefix_sort+desc&amp;search=HYPOPHOSPHATASIA</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OMIMhttps://www.omim.org/search?index=entry&amp;start=1&amp;limit=10&amp;sort=score+desc%2C+prefix_sort+desc&amp;search=HYPOPHOSPHATASIA</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rathbun JC. Hypophosphatasia; a new developmental anomaly. Am JDis Child 1948;75(6):822-831</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rathbun JC. Hypophosphatasia; a new developmental anomaly. Am JDis Child 1948;75(6):822-831</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Zhang F, Wenkert D et al. Hypophosphatasia: validation and expansion of the clinical nosology for children from 25 years experience with 173 pediatric patients. Bone 2015;75: 229-239. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Zhang F, Wenkert D et al. Hypophosphatasia: validation and expansion of the clinical nosology for children from 25 years experience with 173 pediatric patients. Bone 2015;75: 229-239. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simmons J. Best Practices in Recognizing and Diagnosing Hypophosphatasia. Clin End News 2013:1-8 Suppl. www.clinicalendocrinologynews.com/resources/best-practices.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simmons J. Best Practices in Recognizing and Diagnosing Hypophosphatasia. Clin End News 2013:1-8 Suppl. www.clinicalendocrinologynews.com/resources/best-practices.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mornet E. Hypophosphatasia. Metabolism 2018; 82:142155. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mornet E. Hypophosphatasia. Metabolism 2018; 82:142155. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов АА, Намазова-Баранова ЛС, Савостьянов КВ, Маргиева ТВ и др. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению гипофосфатазии у детей. Педиатрическая фармакология 2016;13(6):539-543. doi.org/10.15690/pf.v13i6.1665</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Баранов АА, Намазова-Баранова ЛС, Савостьянов КВ, Маргиева ТВ и др. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению гипофосфатазии у детей. Педиатрическая фармакология 2016;13(6):539-543. doi.org/10.15690/pf.v13i6.1665</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michigami T, Uchihashi T, Suzuki A et al. Common mutations F310L and T1559del in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene are related to distinct phenotypes in Japanese patients with hypophosphatasia. Eur J Pediatr 2005;164:277-282. doi: 10.1007/s00431-004-1612-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michigami T, Uchihashi T, Suzuki A et al. Common mutations F310L and T1559del in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene are related to distinct phenotypes in Japanese patients with hypophosphatasia. Eur J Pediatr 2005;164:277-282. doi: 10.1007/s00431-004-1612-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP Physiological role of alkaline phosphatase explored in hypophosphatasia. Ann N YAcadSci 2010 M;1192:190-200. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05387.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP Physiological role of alkaline phosphatase explored in hypophosphatasia. Ann N YAcadSci 2010 M;1192:190-200. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05387.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millan JL. Alkaline Phosphatases: Structure, substrate specificity and functional relatedness to other members of a large superfamily of enzymes. Purinergic Signal 2006;2(2):335-341. doi.org/10.1007/s11302-005-5435-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millan JL. Alkaline Phosphatases: Structure, substrate specificity and functional relatedness to other members of a large superfamily of enzymes. Purinergic Signal 2006;2(2):335-341. doi.org/10.1007/s11302-005-5435-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Mahuren JD, Vrabel LA, Coburn SP. Markedly increased circulating pyridoxal-5'-phosphate levels in hypophosphatasia. Alkaline phosphatase acts in vitamin B6 metabolism. J Clin Invest 1985;76(2):752-756. doi: 10.1172/JCI112031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Mahuren JD, Vrabel LA, Coburn SP. Markedly increased circulating pyridoxal-5'-phosphate levels in hypophosphatasia. Alkaline phosphatase acts in vitamin B6 metabolism. J Clin Invest 1985;76(2):752-756. doi: 10.1172/JCI112031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogt M, Girschick H, Schweitzer T et al. Pediatric hypophosphatasia: lessons learned from a retrospective single-center chart review of 50 children. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020;15:212. doi.org/10.1186/s13023-020-01500-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogt M, Girschick H, Schweitzer T et al. Pediatric hypophosphatasia: lessons learned from a retrospective single-center chart review of 50 children. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020;15:212. doi.org/10.1186/s13023-020-01500-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP Hypophosphatasia - aetiology, nosology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016;12: 233-246. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP Hypophosphatasia - aetiology, nosology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016;12: 233-246. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP. Hypophosphatasia: An overview For 2017. Bone. 2017;102:15-25. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP. Hypophosphatasia: An overview For 2017. Bone. 2017;102:15-25. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Wenkert D, Zhang F. Hypophosphatasia: Natural history study of 101 affected children investigated at one research center. Bone 2016;93:125-138. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016. 08.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Wenkert D, Zhang F. Hypophosphatasia: Natural history study of 101 affected children investigated at one research center. Bone 2016;93:125-138. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016. 08.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tilden DR, Sheehan JH, Newman JH et al. Phenotypic Profiling in Subjects Heterozygous for 1 of 2 Rare Variants in the Hypophosphatasia Gene (ALPL). J Endocr Soc 2020 Jun 28;4(8):bvaa084. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa084</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tilden DR, Sheehan JH, Newman JH et al. Phenotypic Profiling in Subjects Heterozygous for 1 of 2 Rare Variants in the Hypophosphatasia Gene (ALPL). J Endocr Soc 2020 Jun 28;4(8):bvaa084. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa084</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mao X, Liu S, Lin Y et al. Two novel mutations in the ALPL gene of unrelated Chinese children with Hypophosphatasia: case reports and literature review. BMC Pediatr 2019 25;19(1):456. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1800-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mao X, Liu S, Lin Y et al. Two novel mutations in the ALPL gene of unrelated Chinese children with Hypophosphatasia: case reports and literature review. BMC Pediatr 2019 25;19(1):456. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1800-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collmann H, Mornet E, Gattenlohner S et al. Neurosurgical aspects of childhood hypophosphatasia. Childs Nerv Syst 2009;25(2):217-223. doi: 10.1007/s00381-008-0708-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collmann H, Mornet E, Gattenlohner S et al. Neurosurgical aspects of childhood hypophosphatasia. Childs Nerv Syst 2009;25(2):217-223. doi: 10.1007/s00381-008-0708-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rockman-Greenberg C. Hypophosphatasia. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2013;10 Suppl 2:380-388</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rockman-Greenberg C. Hypophosphatasia. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2013;10 Suppl 2:380-388</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mornet E. Hypophosphatasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007;2:40. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-40</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mornet E. Hypophosphatasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007;2:40. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-40</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левиашвили ЖГ. Клинический фенотип и генотип редких наследственных синдромов. В: НД Савенкова, ред. Наследственные болезни почек у детей. Левша. СПб., СПб., 2020; 318-435</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leviashvili ZhG. Clinical phenotype and genotype of rare hereditary syndromes. In: ND Savenkova, ed. Hereditary kidney disease in children. Levsha. SPb (Saint-Petersburg), 2020; 318435 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Левиашвили ЖГ, Савенкова НД. Справочник по наследственным синдромам с патологией почек у детей. Левша, СПб., 2015, с.104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leviashvili ZhG, Savenkova ND. Spravochnik po nasledstven-nym sindromam s patologiej pochek u detej. Levsha, SPb, 2015, s 104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hofmann C, Girschick H, Mornet E, Schneider D, Jakob F, Mentrup B. Unexpected high intrafamilial phenotypic variability observed in hypophosphatasia. Eur J Hum Genet 2014;22: 1160-1164. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hofmann C, Girschick H, Mornet E, Schneider D, Jakob F, Mentrup B. Unexpected high intrafamilial phenotypic variability observed in hypophosphatasia. Eur J Hum Genet 2014;22: 1160-1164. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP Hypophosphatasia. In Pediatric Bone: Biology &amp; Diseases, 3rd edn. FH Glorieux, H Jueppner, J Pettifor (eds). Elsevier (Academic Press), San Diego, 2012:775</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP Hypophosphatasia. In Pediatric Bone: Biology &amp; Diseases, 3rd edn. FH Glorieux, H Jueppner, J Pettifor (eds). Elsevier (Academic Press), San Diego, 2012:775</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pierpont EI, Simmons JH, Spurlock KJ, Shanley R, Sara-foglou KM. Impact of pediatric hypophosphatasia on behavioral health and quality of life. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 12;16(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01722-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pierpont EI, Simmons JH, Spurlock KJ, Shanley R, Sara-foglou KM. Impact of pediatric hypophosphatasia on behavioral health and quality of life. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 12;16(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01722-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huggins E, Ong R, Rockman-Greenberg C et al. Multigenerational case examples of hypophosphatasia: Challenges in genetic counseling and disease management. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020 21;25:100661. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100661</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huggins E, Ong R, Rockman-Greenberg C et al. Multigenerational case examples of hypophosphatasia: Challenges in genetic counseling and disease management. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020 21;25:100661. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100661</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Coburn SP, Ryan LM et al. Hypophosphatasia: Biochemical hallmarks validate the expanded pediatric clinical nosology. Bone 2018;110:96-106. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Coburn SP, Ryan LM et al. Hypophosphatasia: Biochemical hallmarks validate the expanded pediatric clinical nosology. Bone 2018;110:96-106. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Leung E, Wilcox WR et al. Study 011-10 Investigators. Natural History of Perinatal and Infantile Hypophosphatasia: A Retrospective Study. J Pediatr 2019;209:116-124.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Leung E, Wilcox WR et al. Study 011-10 Investigators. Natural History of Perinatal and Infantile Hypophosphatasia: A Retrospective Study. J Pediatr 2019;209:116-124.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, May JD, McAlister WH et al. Vitamin B6 deficiency with normal plasma levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in perinatal hypophosphatasia. Bone 2021;150:116007. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, May JD, McAlister WH et al. Vitamin B6 deficiency with normal plasma levels of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in perinatal hypophosphatasia. Bone 2021;150:116007. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiebe S, Suchet I, Lemire EG. Pyridoxine-responsive seizures as the first symptom of infantile hypophosphatasia caused by two novel missense mutations (c.677T &gt; C, p.M226T; c.1112C &gt; T, p.T371I) of the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.01.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiebe S, Suchet I, Lemire EG. Pyridoxine-responsive seizures as the first symptom of infantile hypophosphatasia caused by two novel missense mutations (c.677T &gt; C, p.M226T; c.1112C &gt; T, p.T371I) of the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.01.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taketani T. Neurological Symptoms of Hypophosphatasia. Subcell Biochem 2015;76:309-322. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7197-9_14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taketani T. Neurological Symptoms of Hypophosphatasia. Subcell Biochem 2015;76:309-322. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7197-9_14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Zhang F, Wenkert D et al. Hyperphosphatemia with low FGF7 and normal FGF23 and sFRP4 levels in the circulation characterizes pediatric hypophosphatasia. Bone 2020; 134:115300. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115300</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Zhang F, Wenkert D et al. Hyperphosphatemia with low FGF7 and normal FGF23 and sFRP4 levels in the circulation characterizes pediatric hypophosphatasia. Bone 2020; 134:115300. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115300</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zankl A, Mornet E, Wong S. Specific ultrasonographic features of perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia. Am J Med Genet A 2008 1;146A(9):1200-1204. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zankl A, Mornet E, Wong S. Specific ultrasonographic features of perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia. Am J Med Genet A 2008 1;146A(9):1200-1204. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beck C, Morbach H, Wirth C, Beer M, Girschick HJ. Whole-body MRI in the childhood form of hypophosphatasia. Rheumatol Int 2011;31(10):1315-1320. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1493-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beck C, Morbach H, Wirth C, Beer M, Girschick HJ. Whole-body MRI in the childhood form of hypophosphatasia. Rheumatol Int 2011;31(10):1315-1320. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1493-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiebe S, Suchet I, Lemire EG. Radiographic and prenatal ultrasound features of perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia - differentiation from osteogenesis imperfecta type II. South African Journal of Radiology 2007;11,2 a48. doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajr.v11i2.48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiebe S, Suchet I, Lemire EG. Radiographic and prenatal ultrasound features of perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia - differentiation from osteogenesis imperfecta type II. South African Journal of Radiology 2007;11,2 a48. doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajr.v11i2.48</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silver MM, Vilos GA, Milne KJ. Pulmonary hypoplasia in neonatal hypophosphatasia. Pediatr pathology 1988;8(5):483-493. doi: 10.3109/15513818809022304</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silver MM, Vilos GA, Milne KJ. Pulmonary hypoplasia in neonatal hypophosphatasia. Pediatr pathology 1988;8(5):483-493. doi: 10.3109/15513818809022304</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balasubramaniam S, Bowling F, Carpenter K et al. Perinatal hypophosphatasia presenting as neonatal epileptic encephalopathy with abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism secondary to reduced co-factor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate availability. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010;33 Suppl 3:S25-33. doi: 10.1007/s10545-009-9012-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balasubramaniam S, Bowling F, Carpenter K et al. Perinatal hypophosphatasia presenting as neonatal epileptic encephalopathy with abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism secondary to reduced co-factor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate availability. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010;33 Suppl 3:S25-33. doi: 10.1007/s10545-009-9012-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Cheryl MD, R. Greenberg, MD et al. Enzyme-Replacement Therapy in Life-Threatening Hypophosphatasia. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:904-913. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1106173</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Cheryl MD, R. Greenberg, MD et al. Enzyme-Replacement Therapy in Life-Threatening Hypophosphatasia. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:904-913. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1106173</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohn A, De Leonibus C, de Giorgis T, Mornet E, Chiarelli F. Hypophosphatasia in a child with widened anterior fontanelle: lessons learned from late diagnosis and incorrect treatment. Acta Pae-diatr 2011;100(7):e43-46. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02228.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohn A, De Leonibus C, de Giorgis T, Mornet E, Chiarelli F. Hypophosphatasia in a child with widened anterior fontanelle: lessons learned from late diagnosis and incorrect treatment. Acta Pae-diatr 2011;100(7):e43-46. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02228.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mornet E, Nunes ME. Hypophosphatasia. 2007 Nov 20 [updated 2016 Feb 4]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Mirzaa G, Amemiya A, editors. GeneR-eviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mornet E, Nunes ME. Hypophosphatasia. 2007 Nov 20 [updated 2016 Feb 4]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Mirzaa G, Amemiya A, editors. GeneR-eviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colantonio D.A, Kyriakopoulou L., Chan MK et al. Closing the Gaps in Pediatric Laboratory Reference Intervals: A CALIPER Database of 40 Biochemical Markers in a Healthy and Multiethnic Population of Children. Clinical Chemistry 2012;58(5):854-868. doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.177741</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colantonio D.A, Kyriakopoulou L., Chan MK et al. Closing the Gaps in Pediatric Laboratory Reference Intervals: A CALIPER Database of 40 Biochemical Markers in a Healthy and Multiethnic Population of Children. Clinical Chemistry 2012;58(5):854-868. doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.177741</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Wenkert D, McAlister WH et al. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis mimicked in childhood hypophos-phatasia. J Bone Miner Res 2009;24:1493-505. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.090308</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Wenkert D, McAlister WH et al. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis mimicked in childhood hypophos-phatasia. J Bone Miner Res 2009;24:1493-505. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.090308</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogler W, Langman C, Gomes da Silva H et al. Diagnostic delay is common among patients with hypophosphatasia: initial findings from a longitudinal, prospective, global registry. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019;20:80. doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2420-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogler W, Langman C, Gomes da Silva H et al. Diagnostic delay is common among patients with hypophosphatasia: initial findings from a longitudinal, prospective, global registry. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019;20:80. doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2420-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP Hypophosphatasia: Enzyme Replacement Therapy Brings New Opportunities and New Challenges. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32(4):667-675. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP Hypophosphatasia: Enzyme Replacement Therapy Brings New Opportunities and New Challenges. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32(4):667-675. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott LJ. Asfoatse alfa: a review in paediatric-onset hypophosphatasia. Adis Drug Evaluation. Drugs 2016;76(2):255-262</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott LJ. Asfoatse alfa: a review in paediatric-onset hypophosphatasia. Adis Drug Evaluation. Drugs 2016;76(2):255-262</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">STRENSIQ [package insert]. Boston, MA: Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2. Scott LJ. Adis Drug Evaluation 2016;76(2):255-262</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">STRENSIQ [package insert]. Boston, MA: Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2. Scott LJ. Adis Drug Evaluation 2016;76(2):255-262</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hofmann CE, Harmatz P, Vockley J et al. Efficacy and safety of Asfotase Alfa in infants and young children with Hypophosphatasia: a phase 2 open-label study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;104(7):2735-2747.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-02335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hofmann CE, Harmatz P, Vockley J et al. Efficacy and safety of Asfotase Alfa in infants and young children with Hypophosphatasia: a phase 2 open-label study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;104(7):2735-2747.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-02335</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Rockman-Greenberg C, Ozono K et al. Asfotase Alfa Treatment Improves Survival for Perinatal and Infantile Hypophosphatasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101: 334-342. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-3462</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Rockman-Greenberg C, Ozono K et al. Asfotase Alfa Treatment Improves Survival for Perinatal and Infantile Hypophosphatasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101: 334-342. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-3462</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whyte MP, Simmons JH, Moseley S, Fujita KP, Bishop N, Salman NJ, Taylor J, Phillips D, McGinn M, McAlister WH. Asfotase alfa for infants and young children with hypophosphatasia: 7 year outcomes of a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 extension trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;7(2):93-105. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30307-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whyte MP, Simmons JH, Moseley S, Fujita KP, Bishop N, Salman NJ, Taylor J, Phillips D, McGinn M, McAlister WH. Asfotase alfa for infants and young children with hypophosphatasia: 7 year outcomes of a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 extension trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;7(2):93-105. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30307-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin EL, Gottesman GS, McAlister WH et al. Healing of vitamin D deficiency rickets complicating hypophosphatasia suggests a role beyond circulating mineral sufficiency for vitamin D in musculoskeletal health. Bone 2020;136:115322. doi: 10.1016/j. bone.2020.115322</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin EL, Gottesman GS, McAlister WH et al. Healing of vitamin D deficiency rickets complicating hypophosphatasia suggests a role beyond circulating mineral sufficiency for vitamin D in musculoskeletal health. Bone 2020;136:115322. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115322</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akiyama T, Kubota T, Ozono K et al. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and related metabolites in hypophosphatasia: Effects of enzyme replacement therapy. Mol Genet Metab 2018;125(1-2):174-180. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.07.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akiyama T, Kubota T, Ozono K et al. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and related metabolites in hypophosphatasia: Effects of enzyme replacement therapy. Mol Genet Metab 2018;125(1-2):174-180. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.07.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berkseth KE, Tebben PJ, Drake MT et al. Clinical spectrum of hypophosphatasia diagnosed in adults. Bone 2013;54:21-27. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berkseth KE, Tebben PJ, Drake MT et al. Clinical spectrum of hypophosphatasia diagnosed in adults. Bone 2013;54:21-27. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калинченко НЮ, Голоунина ОО, Гребенникова ТА и др. Опыт клинического применения асфотазы альфа у молодого пациента с детской формой гипофосфатазии. Остеопороз и остеопатии 2019; 22(1):24-29. doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/osteo10136</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinchenko NYu, Golounina OO, Grebennikova TA et al. Clinical application experience of asfotase alfa for a young patient with childhood hypophosphatasia. Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases 2019;22(1):24-29. (in Russ.). doi: https://doi.org/10.14341/osteo10136</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бойков СА, Черняк ИЮ, Шатохина НС и др. Гипофос-фатазия у детей. Три лица одной болезни. Росс журн здоровья женщины и ребенка 2020; 3 (2):141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boykov SA, Chernyak IYu, Shatokhina NS et al. Hypophosphatasia in children. Tree faces of one disease. Russian jornal of woman and chil health 2020; 3(2):141. (in Russ.). doi: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-2-136-141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Витебская АВ, Чернова ЕВ. Детская форма гипофосфатазии в реальной клинической практике. Доктор.Ру 2020; 19(10):57-60. doi: 10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-10-57-60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vitebskaya AV, Chernova EV. Pediatric hypophosphatasia in clinical practice. Doctor. Ru 2020; 19(10):57-60. doi: 10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-10-57-60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Габрусская ТВ, Панютина ЯВ, Ревнова МО и др. Инфантильная форма гипофосфатазии: клинический случай. Вопр совр педиатр 2019;18(6):452-457. doi:10.15690/vsp.v18i6.2065</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gabrusskaya TV, Panutina YaV, Revnova MO et al. Infantile hypophosphatasia: clinical case. Current Pediatrics 2019; 18(6): 452-457. (in Russ.) doi:10.15690/vsp.v18i6.2065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Родионова СС, Захарова ЕЮ, Буклемишев ЮВ и др. Гипофосфатазия у взрослых: клинические случаи и обзор литературы. Остеопороз и остеопатии 2015;18(2): 25-28. doi.org/10.14341/osteo2015225-28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodionova SS, Zakharova EYu, Buklemishev YuV et al. Hypophosphatasia in adults: clinical cases and literature review. Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases. 2015; 18(2): 25-28. (in Russ.) doi.org/10.14341/osteo2015225-28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Храмова ЕБ, Левитина ЕВ, Романенко ЕС и др. Гипофосфатазия: как заподозрить заболевание у ребенка? Клинические наблюдения. Доктор.Ру 2020;19(3):35-39. doi: 10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-3-35-39</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khramova EB, Levitina EV, Romanenko ES et al. Hypophosphatasia: how to suspect the disease in paediatric patients? Clinical observation. Doctor. Ru 2020;19(3):35-39. (in Russ.) doi: 10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-3-35-39</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуркина ЕЮ, Воинова ВЮ, Кузенкова ЛМ и др. Гипофосфатазия. Обзор клинических случаев, опубликованных в РФ. РМЖ 2021;2:42-48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurkina EYu, Voinova VYu, Kuzenkova LM et al. Hypophosphatasia. Review of clinical cases published in the Russian Federation. 2021;2:42-48. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
