<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nefr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1561-6274</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9439</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nefr-233</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МЕХАНИЗМЫ ОТТОРЖЕНИЯ ПОЧЕЧНОГО АЛЛОТРАНСПЛАНТАТА И ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТЬ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION MECHANISMS AND IMMUNOTOLERANCE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ватазин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vatazin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ватазин Андрей Владимирович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор. </p><p>Руководитель отдела трансплантологии, нефрологии и хирургической гемокоррекции. </p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2, корп. 6.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Vatazin, MD, PhD, Professor of medicine, DMedSci. </p><p>Head of the Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Surgical hemocorrection. </p><p>Adress: 129110, Moscow, Shchepkin Str., 61/2, building 6. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vatazin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кильдюшевский</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kildjushevskiy,</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кильдюшевский Александр Вадимович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор.</p><p>Ведущий научный сотрудник отделения хирургической гемокоррекции и детоксикации.</p><p>129110, Россия, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2, корп. 11.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Kildushevskiy, Prof, MD, PhD, DMedSci.</p><p>Leading researcher of the department of Surgical hemocorrection and detoxifi cation.</p><p>Adress: 129110 Russia, Moscow, Shchepkina st., 61/2, build. 11.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kildushev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федулкина</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedulkina</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Федулкина Вероника Андреевна, кандидат медицинских наук.</p><p>Старший научный сотрудник хирургического отделения трансплантологии и диализа.</p><p>129110, Россия, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2, корп. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veronica A. Fedulkina MD, PhD,</p><p>Senior Researcher of the Surgical department of Transplantation and Dialysis. </p><p>Adress: 129110 Russia, Moscow, Shchepkina st., 61/2, build. 6. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.fedulkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фаенко</surname><given-names>А. П</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Faenko</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фаенко Александр Павлович - Старший лаборант курса клинической трансфузиологии. </p><p>129110, Россия, Москва, ул. Щепкина, д. 61/2, корп. 8. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander P. Faenko, Senior Assistant of the Department of Clinical Transfusion.</p><p>Adress: 129110 Russia, Moscow, Shchepkina st., 61/2, build. 8. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexfaenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow regional research and clinical institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>03</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ватазин А.В., Кильдюшевский А.В., Федулкина В.А., Фаенко А.П., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ватазин А.В., Кильдюшевский А.В., Федулкина В.А., Фаенко А.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vatazin A.V., Kildjushevskiy, A.V., Fedulkina V.A., Faenko A.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/233">https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/233</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье отражены основные причины и механизмы развития отторжения почечного аллотрансплантата, описаны современные представления о формировании иммунологической толерантности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review summarizes basic causes and mechanisms of renal allograft rejection, describes the modern concept of immune tolerance formation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>причины и механизмы отторжения трансплантата</kwd><kwd>иммунологическая толерантность</kwd><kwd>трансплантация почки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>causes and mechanisms of allograft rejection</kwd><kwd>immune tolerance</kwd><kwd>kidney transplantation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Столяревич ЕС, Артюхина ЛЮ, Ким ИГ и др. Морфологические особенности позднего отторжения трансплантированной почки и их прогностическое значение. Вестн трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2014; 16(2): 30-38 [Stoliarevich ES, Artiuhina LIU, Kim IG i dr. Morfologicheskie osobennosti pozdnego ottorzheniia transplantirovannoi` pochki i ikh prognosticheskoe znachenie. Vestn transplantologii i iskusstvenny`kh organov. 2014; 16(2): 30-38]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Столяревич ЕС, Артюхина ЛЮ, Ким ИГ и др. Морфологические особенности позднего отторжения трансплантированной почки и их прогностическое значение. Вестн трансплантологии и искусственных органов. 2014; 16(2): 30-38 [Stoliarevich ES, Artiuhina LIU, Kim IG i dr. Morfologicheskie osobennosti pozdnego ottorzheniia transplantirovannoi` pochki i ikh prognosticheskoe znachenie. Vestn transplantologii i iskusstvenny`kh organov. 2014; 16(2): 30-38]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лубенников АЕ, Трушкин РН, Артюхина ЛЮ. Современные взгляды на проблему удаления почечного трансплантата. Московск хирур журн 2014; 4: 49-56 [Lubennikov AE, Trushkin RN, Artyukhina LY Sovremennye vzglyady na problemu udaleniya pochechnogo transplantata. Moskovskii khirurgicheskii zhurnal. 2014; 4: 49-56]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Лубенников АЕ, Трушкин РН, Артюхина ЛЮ. Современные взгляды на проблему удаления почечного трансплантата. Московск хирур журн 2014; 4: 49-56 [Lubennikov AE, Trushkin RN, Artyukhina LY Sovremennye vzglyady na problemu udaleniya pochechnogo transplantata. Moskovskii khirurgicheskii zhurnal. 2014; 4: 49-56]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnston O, Rose C, Landsberg D et al. Nephrectomy after transplant failure: current practice and outcomes Am J Transplant 2007; 7(8): 1961-1967. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01884.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnston O, Rose C, Landsberg D et al. Nephrectomy after transplant failure: current practice and outcomes Am J Transplant 2007; 7(8): 1961-1967. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01884.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Столяр АГ, Будкарь ЛН, Климушева НФ и др. Улучшение результатов трансплантации почки. Вестн трансплантологии и искусственных органов 2014; 4: 55-61 [Stoliar AG, Budkar` LN, Climusheva NF i dr. Uluchshenie rezul`tatov transplantatcii pochki. Vestn transplantologii i iskusstvenny`kh organov 2014; 4: 55-61]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Столяр АГ, Будкарь ЛН, Климушева НФ и др. Улучшение результатов трансплантации почки. Вестн трансплантологии и искусственных органов 2014; 4: 55-61 [Stoliar AG, Budkar` LN, Climusheva NF i dr. Uluchshenie rezul`tatov transplantatcii pochki. Vestn transplantologii i iskusstvenny`kh organov 2014; 4: 55-61]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O'Leary JG, Samaniego M, Barrio MC et al. The Influence of Immunosuppressive Agents on the Risk of De Novo DonorSpecific HLA Antibody Production in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Transplantation. 2016; 100(1): 39-53 [doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000869]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O'Leary JG, Samaniego M, Barrio MC et al. The Influence of Immunosuppressive Agents on the Risk of De Novo DonorSpecific HLA Antibody Production in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Transplantation. 2016; 100(1): 39-53 [doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000869]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thorsby E. A short history of HLA. Tissue Antigens 2009; 74(2): 101-116 doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01291.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thorsby E. A short history of HLA. Tissue Antigens 2009; 74(2): 101-116 doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01291.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дмитриева НГ, Яковчик ОН, Ватазин АВ и др. Система гистосовместимости при трансплантации почки. Альманах клинической медицины 2014; 31: 83-87 [Dmitrieva NG, Iakovchik ON, Watazin AV i dr. Sistema gistosovmestimosti pri transplantatcii pochki. Al`manakh clinicheskoi` meditciny` 2014; 31: 83-87]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Дмитриева НГ, Яковчик ОН, Ватазин АВ и др. Система гистосовместимости при трансплантации почки. Альманах клинической медицины 2014; 31: 83-87 [Dmitrieva NG, Iakovchik ON, Watazin AV i dr. Sistema gistosovmestimosti pri transplantatcii pochki. Al`manakh clinicheskoi` meditciny` 2014; 31: 83-87]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данович Габриэль М. Трансплантация почки. ред. ЯГ Мойсюк ГЭОТАР-Медиа, М., 2013; 23-138 [Danovitch Gabriel M Handbook of kidney transplantation. ed. YG Moisyuk GEOTARMedia, M, 2013; 23-138.]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Данович Габриэль М. Трансплантация почки. ред. ЯГ Мойсюк ГЭОТАР-Медиа, М., 2013; 23-138 [Danovitch Gabriel M Handbook of kidney transplantation. ed. YG Moisyuk GEOTARMedia, M, 2013; 23-138.]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caron E, Kowalewski DJ, Chiek Koh C et al. Analysis of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Immunopeptidomes Using Mass Spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14(12): 3105-3117. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M115.052431</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caron E, Kowalewski DJ, Chiek Koh C et al. Analysis of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Immunopeptidomes Using Mass Spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14(12): 3105-3117. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M115.052431</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei RQ, Schwartz CF, Lin H et al. Anti-TNF antibody modulates cytokine and MHC expression in cardiac allografts. J Surg Res 1999; 81(2): 123-128. doi: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5303</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei RQ, Schwartz CF, Lin H et al. Anti-TNF antibody modulates cytokine and MHC expression in cardiac allografts. J Surg Res 1999; 81(2): 123-128. doi: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5303</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pabon MA, Navarro CE, Martin R et al. Minor histocompatibility antigens as risk factor for poor prognosis in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2011; 43(9): 3319-3323. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.09.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pabon MA, Navarro CE, Martin R et al. Minor histocompatibility antigens as risk factor for poor prognosis in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2011; 43(9): 3319-3323. doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.09.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breman E, van Miert PP, van der Steen DM et al. HLA monomers as a tool to monitor indirect allorecognition. Transplantation 2014; 97(11): 1119-1127. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000113</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breman E, van Miert PP, van der Steen DM et al. HLA monomers as a tool to monitor indirect allorecognition. Transplantation 2014; 97(11): 1119-1127. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000000113</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harper SJ, Ali JM, Wlodek E et al. CD8 T-cell recognition of acquired alloantigen promotes acute allograft rejection. Proc Nati Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112(41): 12788-12793. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1513533112</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harper SJ, Ali JM, Wlodek E et al. CD8 T-cell recognition of acquired alloantigen promotes acute allograft rejection. Proc Nati Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112(41): 12788-12793. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1513533112</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ali J, Bolton E, Saeb-Parsy K. et al. Targeting indirect pathway CD4 T-cell alloresponses in the prevention of chronic transplant rejection. Lancet 2015; 385(1): 17. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(15)60332-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ali J, Bolton E, Saeb-Parsy K. et al. Targeting indirect pathway CD4 T-cell alloresponses in the prevention of chronic transplant rejection. Lancet 2015; 385(1): 17. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(15)60332-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin CM, Gill RG. Direct and indirect allograft recognition: pathways dictating graft rejection mechanisms. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21(1): 40-44. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000263</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin CM, Gill RG. Direct and indirect allograft recognition: pathways dictating graft rejection mechanisms. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 21(1): 40-44. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000263</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor AL, Negus SL, Negus M. et al. Pathways of helper CD4 T cell allorecognition in generating alloantibody and CD8 T cell alloimmunity. Transplantation 2007; 83(7): 931-937. doi: 10.1097/01.tp.0000257960.07783.e3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor AL, Negus SL, Negus M. et al. Pathways of helper CD4 T cell allorecognition in generating alloantibody and CD8 T cell alloimmunity. Transplantation 2007; 83(7): 931-937. doi: 10.1097/01.tp.0000257960.07783.e3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weist BJ, Schmueck M, Fuehrer H. et al. The role of CD4(+) T cells in BKV-specific T cell immunity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 203(6): 395-408. doi: 10.1007/s00430-014-0348-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weist BJ, Schmueck M, Fuehrer H. et al. The role of CD4(+) T cells in BKV-specific T cell immunity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 203(6): 395-408. doi: 10.1007/s00430-014-0348-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phillips S, Kapp M, Crowe D. et al. Endothelial activation, lymphangiogenesis, and humoral rejection of kidney transplants. Hum Pathol 2016;51:86-95. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phillips S, Kapp M, Crowe D. et al. Endothelial activation, lymphangiogenesis, and humoral rejection of kidney transplants. Hum Pathol 2016;51:86-95. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.12.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esposito P, Grosjean F, Rampino T et al. Costimulatory pathways in kidney transplantation: pathogenetic role, clinical significance and new therapeutic opportunities. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33(3): 212-233. doi: 10.3109/08830185.2013.829470</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esposito P, Grosjean F, Rampino T et al. Costimulatory pathways in kidney transplantation: pathogenetic role, clinical significance and new therapeutic opportunities. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33(3): 212-233. doi: 10.3109/08830185.2013.829470</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogel I, Kasran A, Cremer J. et al. CD28/CTLA-4/B7 costimulatory pathway blockade affects regulatory T-cell function in autoimmunity. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45(6): 1832-1841. doi: 10.1002/eji.201445190</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogel I, Kasran A, Cremer J. et al. CD28/CTLA-4/B7 costimulatory pathway blockade affects regulatory T-cell function in autoimmunity. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45(6): 1832-1841. doi: 10.1002/eji.201445190</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berg M, Zavazava N. Regulation of CD28 expression on CD8+ T cells by CTLA-4. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83(4): 853-863. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0107065</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berg M, Zavazava N. Regulation of CD28 expression on CD8+ T cells by CTLA-4. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83(4): 853-863. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0107065</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linsley PS, Brady W, Urnes M. et al. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J Exp Med 1991; 174: 561-569. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.3.561</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linsley PS, Brady W, Urnes M. et al. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J Exp Med 1991; 174: 561-569. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.3.561</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ford ML, Larsen CP. Translating costimulation blockade to the clinic: lessons learned from three pathways. Immunol Rev 2009; 229 (1): 294-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00776.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ford ML, Larsen CP. Translating costimulation blockade to the clinic: lessons learned from three pathways. Immunol Rev 2009; 229 (1): 294-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00776.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pilat N, Sayegh MH, Wekerle T. Costimulatory pathways in transplantation. Semin Immunol. 2011; 23(4): 293-303. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.04.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pilat N, Sayegh MH, Wekerle T. Costimulatory pathways in transplantation. Semin Immunol. 2011; 23(4): 293-303. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.04.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harada H, Salama AD, Sho M et al. The role of the ICOSB7h T cell costimulatory pathway in transplantation immunity. J Clin Invest 2003; 112(2): 234-243. doi: 10.1172/jci200317008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harada H, Salama AD, Sho M et al. The role of the ICOSB7h T cell costimulatory pathway in transplantation immunity. J Clin Invest 2003; 112(2): 234-243. doi: 10.1172/jci200317008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dai H, Peng F, Lin M. et al. Anti-OX40L monoclonal antibody prolongs secondary heart allograft survival based on CD40/CD40L and LFA-1/ICAM-1 blockade. Transpl Immunol 2015; 32(2):84-91. doi: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.01.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dai H, Peng F, Lin M. et al. Anti-OX40L monoclonal antibody prolongs secondary heart allograft survival based on CD40/CD40L and LFA-1/ICAM-1 blockade. Transpl Immunol 2015; 32(2):84-91. doi: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.01.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wells AD, Walsh MC, Sankaran D et al. T cell effector function and anergy avoidance are quantitatively linked to cell division. J Immunol 2000; 165(5): 2432-2443. doi: 10.4049/ jimmunol.165.5.2432</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wells AD, Walsh MC, Sankaran D et al. T cell effector function and anergy avoidance are quantitatively linked to cell division. J Immunol 2000; 165(5): 2432-2443. doi: 10.4049/ jimmunol.165.5.2432</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">del Rio ML, Buhler, Gibbons C et al. PD-1/PD-L1, PD-1/ PD-L2, and other co-inhibitory signaling pathways in transplantation. Transpl Int 2008; 21(11): 1015-1028. doi: 10.1111/j.14322277.2008.00726.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">del Rio ML, Buhler, Gibbons C et al. PD-1/PD-L1, PD-1/ PD-L2, and other co-inhibitory signaling pathways in transplantation. Transpl Int 2008; 21(11): 1015-1028. doi: 10.1111/j.14322277.2008.00726.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masson P, Henderson L, Chapman JR et al. Belatacept for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 11: 1-65. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010699.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masson P, Henderson L, Chapman JR et al. Belatacept for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 11: 1-65. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010699.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rančić N., Dragojević-Simić V., Vavić N et al. Tacrolimus concentration/dose ratio as a therapeutic drug monitoring strategy: the influence of gender and comedication. Vojnosanitetski Pregl 2015; 72(9): 813-822. doi:10.2298/VSP140905005R</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rančić N., Dragojević-Simić V., Vavić N et al. Tacrolimus concentration/dose ratio as a therapeutic drug monitoring strategy: the influence of gender and comedication. Vojnosanitetski Pregl 2015; 72(9): 813-822. doi:10.2298/VSP140905005R</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarwal MM. Fingerprints of transplant tolerance suggest opportunities for immunosuppression minimization. Clin Biochem 2016; 49(4-5): 404-410. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.01.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarwal MM. Fingerprints of transplant tolerance suggest opportunities for immunosuppression minimization. Clin Biochem 2016; 49(4-5): 404-410. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.01.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gracon AS, Wilkes DS. Lung transplantation: chronic allograft dysfunction and establishing immune tolerance. Hum Immunol 2014; 75(8): 887-894. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.06.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gracon AS, Wilkes DS. Lung transplantation: chronic allograft dysfunction and establishing immune tolerance. Hum Immunol 2014; 75(8): 887-894. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.06.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LaFlam TN, Seumois G, Miller CN et al. Identification of a novel cis-regulatory element essential for immune tolerance. J Exp Med 2015; 212(12): 1993-2002. doi: 10.1084/jem.20151069</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LaFlam TN, Seumois G, Miller CN et al. Identification of a novel cis-regulatory element essential for immune tolerance. J Exp Med 2015; 212(12): 1993-2002. doi: 10.1084/jem.20151069</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamano T, Steinert M, Klein L. Thymic B Cells and Central T Cell Tolerance. Front Immunol 2015; 6: 376. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2015.00376</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamano T, Steinert M, Klein L. Thymic B Cells and Central T Cell Tolerance. Front Immunol 2015; 6: 376. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2015.00376</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laan M, Peterson P. The many faces of aire in central tolerance. Front Immunol 2013; 4: 326. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2013.00326</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laan M, Peterson P. The many faces of aire in central tolerance. Front Immunol 2013; 4: 326. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2013.00326</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delgoffe GM, Powell JD. Feeding an army: The metabolism of T cells in activation, anergy, and exhaustion. Mol Immunol 2015; 68: 492-496. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delgoffe GM, Powell JD. Feeding an army: The metabolism of T cells in activation, anergy, and exhaustion. Mol Immunol 2015; 68: 492-496. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asashima H, Tsuboi H, Takahashi H et al. The anergy induction of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-reactive CD4+ T cells suppresses experimental sialadenitis-like Sjogren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67(8): 2213-2225. doi: 10.1002/art.39163</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asashima H, Tsuboi H, Takahashi H et al. The anergy induction of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-reactive CD4+ T cells suppresses experimental sialadenitis-like Sjogren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67(8): 2213-2225. doi: 10.1002/art.39163</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Konek JJ, Kato S, Takao S et al. β-mannosylceramide activates type I natural killer t cells to induce tumor immunity without inducing long-term functional anergy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19(16): 4404-4411. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2169</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Konek JJ, Kato S, Takao S et al. β-mannosylceramide activates type I natural killer t cells to induce tumor immunity without inducing long-term functional anergy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19(16): 4404-4411. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2169</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bandyopadhyay S, Montagna C, Macian F. Silencing of the Il2 gene transcription is regulated by epigenetic changes in anergic T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42(9): 2471-2483. doi: 10.1002/eji.201142307</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bandyopadhyay S, Montagna C, Macian F. Silencing of the Il2 gene transcription is regulated by epigenetic changes in anergic T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42(9): 2471-2483. doi: 10.1002/eji.201142307</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akiyama K, Chen C, Wang D et al. Mesenchymal-stemcellinduced immunoregulation involves FAS-ligand-/FAS-mediated T cell apoptosis. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10(5): 544-555. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.03.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akiyama K, Chen C, Wang D et al. Mesenchymal-stemcellinduced immunoregulation involves FAS-ligand-/FAS-mediated T cell apoptosis. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10(5): 544-555. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.03.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fife BT, Pauken KE. The role of the PD-1 pathway in autoimmunity and peripheral tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217: 45-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05919.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fife BT, Pauken KE. The role of the PD-1 pathway in autoimmunity and peripheral tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217: 45-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05919.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Francisco LM, Sage PT, Sharpe AH. The PD-1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity Immunol Rev 2010; 236: 219-242. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Francisco LM, Sage PT, Sharpe AH. The PD-1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity Immunol Rev 2010; 236: 219-242. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCarthy DP, Bryant J, Galvin JP. Tempering allorecognition to induce transplant tolerance with chemically modified apoptotic donor cells. Am J Transplant 2015; 15(6): 1475-1483. doi: 10.1111/ajt.13237</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCarthy DP, Bryant J, Galvin JP. Tempering allorecognition to induce transplant tolerance with chemically modified apoptotic donor cells. Am J Transplant 2015; 15(6): 1475-1483. doi: 10.1111/ajt.13237</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreau A, Varey E, Beriou G et al. Tolerogenic dendritic cells and negative vaccination in transplantation: from rodents to clinical trials. Front Immunol 2012; 3: 218. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2012.00218</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreau A, Varey E, Beriou G et al. Tolerogenic dendritic cells and negative vaccination in transplantation: from rodents to clinical trials. Front Immunol 2012; 3: 218. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2012.00218</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall BM, Tran GT, Robinson CM et al. Induction of antigen specific CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)T regulatory cells from naive natural thymic derived T regulatory cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28(2): 875-886. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall BM, Tran GT, Robinson CM et al. Induction of antigen specific CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)T regulatory cells from naive natural thymic derived T regulatory cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28(2): 875-886. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vela-Ojeda J, Montiel-Cervantes L, Granados-Lara P et al. Role of CD4+CD25+highFoxp3+CD62L+ regulatory T cells and invariant NKT cells in human allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19(3): 333-340. doi: 10.1089/scd.2009.0216</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vela-Ojeda J, Montiel-Cervantes L, Granados-Lara P et al. Role of CD4+CD25+highFoxp3+CD62L+ regulatory T cells and invariant NKT cells in human allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19(3): 333-340. doi: 10.1089/scd.2009.0216</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lal G, Kulkarni N, Nakayama Y et al. Bromberg J.S. IL-10 from marginal zone precursor B cells controls the differentiation of Th17, Tfh and Tfr cells in transplantation tolerance. Immunol Lett 2016; 170: 52-63. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.01.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lal G, Kulkarni N, Nakayama Y et al. Bromberg J.S. IL-10 from marginal zone precursor B cells controls the differentiation of Th17, Tfh and Tfr cells in transplantation tolerance. Immunol Lett 2016; 170: 52-63. doi: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.01.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawai T, Cosimi AB, Wee SL et al. Effect of mixed hematopoietic chimerism on cardiac allograft survival in cynomolgus monkeys. Transplantation 2002; 73(11): 1757-1764. doi: 10.1097/00007890-200206150-00011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawai T, Cosimi AB, Wee SL et al. Effect of mixed hematopoietic chimerism on cardiac allograft survival in cynomolgus monkeys. Transplantation 2002; 73(11): 1757-1764. doi: 10.1097/00007890-200206150-00011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nadazdin O, Abrahamian G, Boskovic S et al. Stem cell mobilization and collection for induction of mixed chimerism and renal allograft tolerance in cynomolgus monkeys. J Surg Res 2011; 168(2): 294-300. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.02.027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nadazdin O, Abrahamian G, Boskovic S et al. Stem cell mobilization and collection for induction of mixed chimerism and renal allograft tolerance in cynomolgus monkeys. J Surg Res 2011; 168(2): 294-300. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.02.027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peters JH, Hilbrands LB, Koenen HJ et al. Ex vivo generation of human alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells from CD4(pos)CD25(high) T cells for immunotherapy. PLoS One 2008; 3(5): e2233. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peters JH, Hilbrands LB, Koenen HJ et al. Ex vivo generation of human alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells from CD4(pos)CD25(high) T cells for immunotherapy. PLoS One 2008; 3(5): e2233. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Safinia N, Vaikunthanathan T, Fraser H et al. Successful expansion of functional and stable regulatory T cells for immunotherapy in liver transplantation. Oncotarget 2016; 7(7): 75637577. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6927</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Safinia N, Vaikunthanathan T, Fraser H et al. Successful expansion of functional and stable regulatory T cells for immunotherapy in liver transplantation. Oncotarget 2016; 7(7): 75637577. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6927</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thorp EB, Stehlik C, Ansari MJ. T-cell exhaustion in allograft rejection and tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 20(1): 37-42. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000153</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thorp EB, Stehlik C, Ansari MJ. T-cell exhaustion in allograft rejection and tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 20(1): 37-42. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0000000000000153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valujskikh A, Li XC. Memory T cells and their exhaustive differentiation in allograft tolerance and rejection. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 17(1): 15-19. doi: 10.1097/ MOT.0b013e32834ee443</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valujskikh A, Li XC. Memory T cells and their exhaustive differentiation in allograft tolerance and rejection. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 17(1): 15-19. doi: 10.1097/ MOT.0b013e32834ee443</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xia CQ, Campbell KA, Clare-Salzler MJ. Extracorporeal photopheresis-induced immune tolerance: a focus on modulation of antigen-presenting cells and induction of regulatory T cells by apoptotic cells. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009; 14(4): 338343. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0b013e32832ce943</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xia CQ, Campbell KA, Clare-Salzler MJ. Extracorporeal photopheresis-induced immune tolerance: a focus on modulation of antigen-presenting cells and induction of regulatory T cells by apoptotic cells. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2009; 14(4): 338343. doi: 10.1097/MOT.0b013e32832ce943</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кильдюшевский АВ, Федулкина ВА, Фомина ОА, Фомин АМ. Применение экстракорпоральной фотохимиотерапии при лимфомах кожи и трансплантации солидных органов. Альманах клин мед 2014; 30: 61-69 [Kil`diushevskii` AV, Fedulkina VA, Fomina OA, Fomin AM. Primenenie e`kstrakorporal`noi` fotohimioterapii pri limfomakh kozhi i transplantatcii solidny`kh organov. Al`manakh clin med 2014; 30: 61-69]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кильдюшевский АВ, Федулкина ВА, Фомина ОА, Фомин АМ. Применение экстракорпоральной фотохимиотерапии при лимфомах кожи и трансплантации солидных органов. Альманах клин мед 2014; 30: 61-69 [Kil`diushevskii` AV, Fedulkina VA, Fomina OA, Fomin AM. Primenenie e`kstrakorporal`noi` fotohimioterapii pri limfomakh kozhi i transplantatcii solidny`kh organov. Al`manakh clin med 2014; 30: 61-69]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
