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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nefr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1561-6274</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9439</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36485/1561-6274-2026-30-1-9-19</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">BBJBOO</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nefr-2517</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕДОВАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LEADING ARTICLE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Камни преткновения в физиологии почки и их преодоление</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Stumbling blocks in kidney physiology and their overcoming</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-5403</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наточин</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Natochin</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Академик РАН, профессор Наточин Юрий Викторович, главный научный сотрудниклаборатории физиологии почки и водно-солевого обмена</p><p>194223, Санкт-Петербург, пр. Тореза, 44</p><p>Тел. (812)5523086</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Yuri Viktorovich Natochin</p><p>194223, St. Petersburg, Torez Ave. 44</p><p>Tel. (812)5523086</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natochin1@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И.М. Сеченова Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Наточин Ю.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Наточин Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Natochin Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/2517">https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/2517</self-uri><abstract><p>Физиология почки служит одним из базовых разделов нефрологии. Она включает ряд сложных проблем, которые требуют обсуждения и консенсуса в нефрологическом сообществе. К ним относится вопрос о парциальных функциях почек, облигатной реабсорбции в проксимальном канальце, ключевых преобразованиях в почке в процессе ее эволюции, их значении для адаптации человека в условиях патологии. В статье обоснованы дискуссионные термины, дано современное прочтение основных функций почки. Изложены механизмы процессов, лежащих в основе мочеобразования и объяснено, почему они реализованы так, а не иначе. Это относится к огромному артериальному кровотоку почек, механизму регуляции облигатной проксимальной реабсорбции, замены ренопортальной системы почек на более высокое артериальное кровоснабжение, значению почек в гомеостазе у человека.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Renal physiology is one of the fundamental branches of nephrology. It encompasses a number of complex issues that require discussion and consensus within the nephrology community. These include the question of partial renal functions, obligate reabsorption in the proximal tubule, key transformations in the kidney during its evolution, and their significance for human adaptation in pathological conditions. This article substantiates controversial terms and provides a modern understanding of the kidney's main functions. It outlines the mechanisms underlying urine formation and explains why they operate as they do. This relates to the enormous arterial blood flow of the kidneys, the mechanism of regulation of obligate proximal reabsorption, the replacement of the renal renoportal system with a higher arterial blood supply, and the importance of the kidneys in human homeostasis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>функции почек</kwd><kwd>проксимальная реабсорбция</kwd><kwd>гомеостаз</kwd><kwd>нефрология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>renal function</kwd><kwd>proximal reabsorption</kwd><kwd>homeostasis</kwd><kwd>nephrology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наточин ЮВ. Физиология почек. В: Камкин АГ и др. Нормальная физиология: учебник для студентов высших учебных заведений в двух томах. Т. 2. Медицинское информационное агентство, М., 2025; 593–702</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Natochin YuV. Physiology of the kidneys. 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