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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nefr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нефрология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1561-6274</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9439</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nefr-36</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>AL-амилоидоз</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>AL-amyloidosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Диспор</surname><given-names>Э. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Desport</surname><given-names>E. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бриду</surname><given-names>Ф. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bridoux</surname><given-names>F. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сирак</surname><given-names>К. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sirac</surname><given-names>C. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дельб</surname><given-names>С. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Delbes</surname><given-names>S. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бендер</surname><given-names>С. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bender</surname><given-names>S. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фернандес</surname><given-names>Б. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fernandez</surname><given-names>B. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Келлар</surname><given-names>Н. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Quellard</surname><given-names>N. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лакомб</surname><given-names>К. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lacombe</surname><given-names>C. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гужон</surname><given-names>Ж-М. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goujon</surname><given-names>JM. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаверн</surname><given-names>Д. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lavergne</surname><given-names>D. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абрахам</surname><given-names>ДЖ. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abraham</surname><given-names>J. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тушар</surname><given-names>Г. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Touchard</surname><given-names>G. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ферман</surname><given-names>Ж. -П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fermand</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жаккар</surname><given-names>А. .</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jaccard</surname><given-names>A. .</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers</institution><country>France</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-2"><institution>Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation Rénale, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers; CNRS UMR 7276, CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges</institution><country>France</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-3"><institution>CNRS UMR 7276, CHU Limoges, Université de Limoges</institution><country>France</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-4"><institution>Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, CHU Poitiers, Université de Poitiers</institution><country>France</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-5"><institution>Service d’Hématologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU de Limoges</institution><country>France</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-6"><institution>Service d’Hématologie et Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis</institution><country>France</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Диспор Э..., Бриду Ф..., Сирак К..., Дельб С..., Бендер С..., Фернандес Б..., Келлар Н..., Лакомб К..., Гужон Ж..., Лаверн Д..., Абрахам Д..., Тушар Г..., Ферман Ж.-., Жаккар А..., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Диспор Э..., Бриду Ф..., Сирак К..., Дельб С..., Бендер С..., Фернандес Б..., Келлар Н..., Лакомб К..., Гужон Ж..., Лаверн Д..., Абрахам Д..., Тушар Г..., Ферман Ж.-., Жаккар А...</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Desport E..., Bridoux F..., Sirac C..., Delbes S..., Bender S..., Fernandez B..., Quellard N..., Lacombe C..., Goujon J..., Lavergne D..., Abraham J..., Touchard G..., Fermand J., Jaccard A...</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/36">https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/36</self-uri><abstract><p>ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ: AL-амилоидоз развивается в результате внеклеточного отложения фибрилл, образованных моноклональными легкими цепями иммуноглобулинов (наиболее часто легкие цепи лямбда-типа), секретируемых небольшим клоном плазматических клеток. У большинства пациентов имеются признаки моноклональной гаммапатии неопределенного значения или индолентной миеломы, в то же время нетипично сочетание AL-амилоидоза с множественной миеломой или другими вариантами В-лимфопролиферативной дискразии. Ключевым событием в развитии AL-амилоидоза является изменение вторичной или третичной структуры аномальных моноклональных легких цепей, что приводит к нестабильности их конформации, в результате чего образуется своеобразная пространственная ориентация молекулы - кросс-р-складчатая структура, которая и лежит в основе формирования амилоидных фибрилл. ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ: AL-амилоидоз является наиболее распространенным типом системного амилоидоза. Заболеваемость в развитых странах составляет 9 случаев на 1 млн населения в год. Средний возраст больных на момент диагностики 65 лет. Доля пациентов моложе 50 лет менее 10%. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ КАРТИНА: клинические проявления разнообразны из-за вовлечения в патологический процесс многих органов. Наиболее распространенными симптомами являются слабость и одышка, которые не являются специфическими и могут быть причиной поздней диагностики заболевания. Клинические проявления поражения почек являются наиболее частыми, представлены у 2/3 пациентов и характеризуются наличием выраженной протеинурии с развитием нефротического синдрома и снижением функции почек у 50% пациентов. Поражение сердца, присутствующее на момент диагностики более чем в половине случаев, приводит к развитию рестриктивной кардиомиопатии, которая является наиболее серьезным осложнением заболевания и определяет прогноз. ДИАГНОСТИКА: диагностика основывается на морфологическом обнаружении в биоптатах тканей амилоида, дающего при окрашивании конго красным положительную реакцию, в сочетании с наличием яблочно-зеленого свечения этих участков при микроскопии в поляризованном свете, что обусловлено феноменом двойного лучепреломления, а также в сочетании с наличием положительной реакции с антителами к легким цепям иммуноглобулина при иммуногистохимическом и/или иммунофлюоресцентном исследовании. В связи с системным характером заболевания необходимо рассматривать возможность выполнения неинвазивной биопсии, такой как биопсия подкожной жировой клетчатки, перед выполнением биопсии пораженного органа с целью уменьшения риска развития осложнений в виде кровотечения. ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА: системный AL-амилоидоз следует дифференцировать от других заболеваний, связанных с отложением моноклональных легких цепей, а также от других типов системного амилоидоза. Когда при патоморфологическом исследовании не удается определить тип амилоида, необходимо выполнение генетического исследования для диагностики семейных форм. ЛЕЧЕНИЕ: в основе лечения AL-амилоидоза лежит химиотерапия, направленная на борьбу с клоном плазматических клеток, синтезирующих амилоидогенные легкие цепи. Гематологический ответ должен тщательно мониторироваться при помощи определения концентрации свободных легких цепей в сыворотке. Терапия алкилирующими агентами в сочетании с высокими дозами дексаметазона доказала свою эффективность у 2/3 пациентов и считается терапией первой линии. Новые препараты, используемые при лечении множественной миеломы, находятся на стадии изучения и, похоже, увеличивают частоту гематологического ответа. Необходима также симптоматическая терапия. Отмечено, что обычные методы лечения сердечной недостаточности (в том числе применение блокаторов кальциевых каналов, β-блокаторов, ингибиторов ангиотензинпревращающего фермента) неэффективны или даже опасны у пациентов с амилоидозом сердца. Показана терапия диуретиками. Применение амиодарона или имплантацию кардиостимулятора следует рассматривать у пациентов с нарушения ритма или проводимости. В отдельных случаях для продления жизни пациенту необходима трансплантация сердца и почки. ПРОГНОЗ: выживаемость при AL-амилоидозе зависит от числа органов, вовлеченных в патологический процесс (наличие амилоидоза сердца является важнейшим неблагоприятным прогностическим признаком), тяжести их поражения и гематологического ответа на терапию.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>DEFINITION OF THE DISEASE: AL amyloidosis results from extra-cellular deposition of fibril-forming monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains (LC) (most commonly of lambda isotype) usually secreted by a small plasma cell clone. Most patients have evidence of isolated monoclonal gammopathy or smoldering myeloma, and the occurrence of AL amyloidosis in patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma or other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders is unusual. The key event in the development of AL amyloidosis is the change in the secondary or tertiary structure of an abnormal monoclonal LC, which results in instable conformation. This conformational change is responsible for abnormal folding of the LC, rich in β leaves, which assemble into monomers that stack together to form amyloid fibrils. EPIDEMIOLOGY: AL amyloidosis is the most common type of systemic amyloidois in developed countries with an estimated incidence of 9 cases/million inhabitant/year. The average age of diagnosed patients is 65 years and less than 10% of patients are under 50. CLINICAL DESCRIPTION: The clinical presentation is protean, because of the wide number of tissues or organs that may be affected. The most common presenting symptoms are asthenia and dyspnoea, which are poorly specific and may account for delayed diagnosis. Renal manifestations are the most frequent, affecting two thirds of patients at presentation. They are characterized by heavy proteinuria, with nephrotic syndrome and impaired renal function in half of the patients. Heart involvement, which is present at diagnosis in more than 50% of patients, leading to restrictive cardiopathy, is the most serious complication and engages prognosis. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS: The diagnosis relies on pathological examination of an involved site showing Congo red-positive amyloid deposits, with typical apple-green birefringence under polarized light, that stain positive with an anti-LC antibody by immunohistochemistry and/or immunofluorescence. Due to the systemic nature of the disease, non-invasive biopsies such as abdominal fat aspiration should be considered before taking biopsies from involved organs, in order to reduce the risk of bleeding complications. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Systemic AL amyloidosis should be distinguished from other diseases related to deposition of monoclonal LC, and from other forms of systemic amyloidosis. When pathological studies have failed to identify the nature of amyloid deposits, genetic studies should be performed to diagnose hereditary amyloidosis. MANAGMENT: Treatment of AL amyloidosis is based on chemotherapy, aimed at controlling the underlying plasma clone that produces amyloidogenic LC. The hematological response should be carefully checked by serial measurements of serum free LC. The association of an alkylating agent with high-dose dexamethasone has proven to be effective in two thirds of patients and is considered as the current reference treatment. New agents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma are under investigation and appear to increase hematological response rates. Symptomatic measures and supportive care is necessary in patients with organ failure. Noticeably, usual treatments for cardiac failure (i.e. calcium inhibitors, β-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) are inefficient or even dangerous in patients with amyloid heart disease, that should be managed using diuretics. Amiodarone and pace maker implantation should be considered in patients with rhythm or conduction abnormalities. In selected cases, heart and kidney transplantation may be associated with prolonged patient and graft survival. PROGNOSIS: Survival in AL amyloidosis depends on the spectrum of organ involvement (amyloid heart disease being the main prognosis factor), the severity of individual organs involved and haematological response to treatment.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>AL-амилоидоз</kwd><kwd>«первичный» амилоидоз</kwd><kwd>AL amyloidosis</kwd><kwd>«Primary» amyloidosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merlini G, Bellotti V. Molecular mechanisms of amyloidosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 583-596</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merlini G, Bellotti V. Molecular mechanisms of amyloidosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 583-596</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kyle RA, Linos A, Beard CM et al. 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