nefrНефрологияNephrology (Saint-Petersburg)1561-62742541-9439Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University10.24884/1561-6274-2012-16-1-89-115nefr-573Research ArticleПРОГРАММА НЕПРЕРЫВНОГО ПОСЛЕДИПЛОМНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ПО НЕФРОЛОГИИPROGRAM ON CONTINUOUS POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION ON NEPHROLOGYНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ. ХРОНИЧЕСКАЯ БОЛЕЗНЬ ПОЧЕК: ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРИНЦИПЫ СКРИНИНГА, ДИАГНОСТИКИ, ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ И ПОДХОДЫ К ЛЕЧЕНИЮNATIONAL GUIDELINES. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SCREENING, DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT APPROACHESСмирновА. В.SmirnovA. V.

Руководитель группы

Рабочая группа членов Правления Научного общества нефрологов России

ШиловЕ. М.ShilovE. M.

Член группы

Рабочая группа членов Правления Научного общества нефрологов России

ДобронравовВ. А.DobronravovV. A.

Член группы

Рабочая группа членов Правления Научного общества нефрологов России

КаюковИ. Г.KayukovI. G.

Член группы

Рабочая группа членов Правления Научного общества нефрологов России

БобковаИ. Н.BobkovaI. N.

Член группы

Рабочая группа членов Правления Научного общества нефрологов России

ШвецовМ. Ю.ShvetsovM. Yu.

Член группы

Рабочая группа членов Правления Научного общества нефрологов России

ЦыгинА. Н.TsyginA. N.

Член группы

Рабочая группа членов Правления Научного общества нефрологов России

ШутовА. М.ShutovA. M.

Член группы

Рабочая группа членов Правления Научного общества нефрологов России

Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. ПавловаRussian FederationПервый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И. М. СеченоваRussian FederationНаучный центр здоровья детей Российской академии медицинских наукRussian FederationУльяновский государственный университетRussian Federation20121001201216189115Copyright © Смирнов А.В., Шилов Е.М., Добронравов В.А., Каюков И.Г., Бобкова И.Н., Швецов М.Ю., Цыгин А.Н., Шутов А.М., 20122012Смирнов А.В., Шилов Е.М., Добронравов В.А., Каюков И.Г., Бобкова И.Н., Швецов М.Ю., Цыгин А.Н., Шутов А.М.Smirnov A.V., Shilov E.M., Dobronravov V.A., Kayukov I.G., Bobkova I.N., Shvetsov M.Y., Tsygin A.N., Shutov A.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.nephrolog.ru/jour/article/view/573

Национальные Рекомендации. Хроническая болезнь почек: основные принципы скрининга, диагностики, профилактики и подходы к лечению.

National guidelines. Chronic kidney disease: basic principles of screening, diagnosis, prevention and treatment approaches

ReferencesБикбов БТ, Томилина НА. Состояние заместительной терапии больных с хронической почечной недостаточностью в Российской Федерации в 1998–2007 гг. (Аналитический отчет по данным Российского регистра заместительной почечной терапии). Нефрология и диализ 2009; 11 (3): 144-233Бикбов БТ, Томилина НА. Состояние заместительной терапии больных с хронической почечной недостаточностью в Российской Федерации в 1998–2007 гг. (Аналитический отчет по данным Российского регистра заместительной почечной терапии). Нефрология и диализ 2009; 11 (3): 144-233Дедов ИИ, Шестакова МВ, ред. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным с сахарным диабетом. Издание второе. М., 2006Дедов ИИ, Шестакова МВ, ред. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным с сахарным диабетом. Издание второе. М., 2006Диагностика и коррекция нарушений липидного обмена с целью профилактики и лечения атеросклероза (IV пересмотр). Российские рекомендации. М., 2009Диагностика и коррекция нарушений липидного обмена с целью профилактики и лечения атеросклероза (IV пересмотр). Российские рекомендации. М., 2009Добронравов ВА. Эпидемиология диабетической нефропатии: общие и региональные проблемы. Нефрология 2002; 6(1):16-22Добронравов ВА. Эпидемиология диабетической нефропатии: общие и региональные проблемы. Нефрология 2002; 6(1):16-22Добронравов ВА. Современный взгляд на патофизиологию вторичного гиперпаратиреоза. Роль фактора роста фибробластов 23 и klotho. Нефрология 2011; 15(4): 11-20Добронравов ВА. Современный взгляд на патофизиологию вторичного гиперпаратиреоза. Роль фактора роста фибробластов 23 и klotho. Нефрология 2011; 15(4): 11-20Добронравов ВА, Смирнов АВ, Драгунов СВ и др. Эпидемиология хронической болезни почек в Вологодской области. Нефрология 2004; 8(1): 36-41Добронравов ВА, Смирнов АВ, Драгунов СВ и др. Эпидемиология хронической болезни почек в Вологодской области. Нефрология 2004; 8(1): 36-41Добронравов ВА, Смирнов АВ, Драгунов СВ и др. Эпидемиология хронической почечной недостаточности в СевероЗападном регионе России: на пути к созданию регистра хронической почечной болезни. Тер арх 2004; 76(9): 57-61Добронравов ВА, Смирнов АВ, Драгунов СВ и др. Эпидемиология хронической почечной недостаточности в СевероЗападном регионе России: на пути к созданию регистра хронической почечной болезни. Тер арх 2004; 76(9): 57-61Есаян АМ. Тканевая ренин-ангиотензиновая система почки. Новая стратегия нефропротекции. Нефрология 2008; 6(3): 8-16Есаян АМ. Тканевая ренин-ангиотензиновая система почки. Новая стратегия нефропротекции. Нефрология 2008; 6(3): 8-16Каюков ИГ, Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА. Рентгеноконтрастная нефропатия. Нефрология 2007; 11(3): 93-101Каюков ИГ, Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА. Рентгеноконтрастная нефропатия. Нефрология 2007; 11(3): 93-101Кучер АГ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ, Ермаков ЮА. Влияние количества и качества белка в рационе на деятельность почек. Нефрология 2004; 8(2): 14-34Кучер АГ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ, Ермаков ЮА. Влияние количества и качества белка в рационе на деятельность почек. Нефрология 2004; 8(2): 14-34Кучер АГ, Каюков ИГ, Григорьева НД, Васильев АН. Лечебное питание на различных стадиях хронической болезни почек. Нефрология и диализ 2007; 9(2):118-136Кучер АГ, Каюков ИГ, Григорьева НД, Васильев АН. Лечебное питание на различных стадиях хронической болезни почек. Нефрология и диализ 2007; 9(2):118-136Мухин НА, Балкаров ИМ, Моисеев ВС и др. Хронические прогрессирующие нефропатии и образ жизни современного человека. Тер арх 2004; 76(9): 5-10Мухин НА, Балкаров ИМ, Моисеев ВС и др. Хронические прогрессирующие нефропатии и образ жизни современного человека. Тер арх 2004; 76(9): 5-10Мухин НА, Моисеев ВС, Кобалава ЖД и др. Кардиоренальные взаимодействия: клиническое значение и роль в патогенезе заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы и почек. Тер арх 2004; (6):39-46Мухин НА, Моисеев ВС, Кобалава ЖД и др. Кардиоренальные взаимодействия: клиническое значение и роль в патогенезе заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы и почек. Тер арх 2004; (6):39-46Национальные рекомендации по профилактике, диагностике и лечению артериальной гипертонии. М., 2008Национальные рекомендации по профилактике, диагностике и лечению артериальной гипертонии. М., 2008Нефрология. Национальное руководство. Под ред. НА Мухина. ГЭОТАР-Медиа, М., 2009, 720 сНефрология. Национальное руководство. Под ред. НА Мухина. ГЭОТАР-Медиа, М., 2009, 720 сПрактические рекомендации KDIGO по диагностие, профилактике и лечению минеральных и костных нарушений при хронической болезни почек (ХБП-МКН). Краткое изложение рекомендаций. Нефрология 2011; 15(1): 88-95Практические рекомендации KDIGO по диагностие, профилактике и лечению минеральных и костных нарушений при хронической болезни почек (ХБП-МКН). Краткое изложение рекомендаций. Нефрология 2011; 15(1): 88-95Смирнов АВ, Есаян АМ, Каюков ИГ. Хроническая болезнь почек: на пути к единству представлений. Нефрология 2002; 6(4): 11-17Смирнов АВ, Есаян АМ, Каюков ИГ. Хроническая болезнь почек: на пути к единству представлений. Нефрология 2002; 6(4): 11-17Смирнов АВ. Дислипопротеидемии и проблемы нефропротекции. Нефрология 2002; 6(2): 8-14Смирнов АВ. Дислипопротеидемии и проблемы нефропротекции. Нефрология 2002; 6(2): 8-14Смирнов АВ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ и др. Превентивный подход в современной нефрологии. Нефрология 2004;. 8(3): 7-14Смирнов АВ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ и др. Превентивный подход в современной нефрологии. Нефрология 2004;. 8(3): 7-14Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Бодур-Ооржак АШ и др. Эпидемиология и факторы риска хронических болезней почек: региональный уровень общей проблемы. Тер арх 2005; (6): 20-27Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Бодур-Ооржак АШ и др. Эпидемиология и факторы риска хронических болезней почек: региональный уровень общей проблемы. Тер арх 2005; (6): 20-27Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Бодур-Ооржак АШ и др. Распространенность и заболеваемость поздними стадиями хронической болезни почек в Республике Тыва. Нефрология 2005; 9(4): 25-29Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Бодур-Ооржак АШ и др. Распространенность и заболеваемость поздними стадиями хронической болезни почек в Республике Тыва. Нефрология 2005; 9(4): 25-29Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ. Кардиоренальный континуум: патогенетические основы превентивной нефрологии. Нефрология 2005;9(3): 7-15Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ. Кардиоренальный континуум: патогенетические основы превентивной нефрологии. Нефрология 2005;9(3): 7-15Смирнов АВ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ и др. Проблема оценки скорости клубочковой фильтрации в современной нефрологии: новый индикатор – цистатин С. Нефрология 2005; 9(3): 16-27Смирнов АВ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ и др. Проблема оценки скорости клубочковой фильтрации в современной нефрологии: новый индикатор – цистатин С. Нефрология 2005; 9(3): 16-27Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ и др. Эпидемиология и социально-экономические аспекты хронической болезни почек. Нефрология 2006; 10(1): 7-13Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ и др. Эпидемиология и социально-экономические аспекты хронической болезни почек. Нефрология 2006; 10(1): 7-13Смирнов АВ, Седов ВМ, Лхаахуу Од-Эрдэнэ, Каюков ИГ и др. Снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации как независимый фактор риска сердечно-сосудистой болезни. Нефрология 2006; 10(4): 7-17Смирнов АВ, Седов ВМ, Лхаахуу Од-Эрдэнэ, Каюков ИГ и др. Снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации как независимый фактор риска сердечно-сосудистой болезни. Нефрология 2006; 10(4): 7-17Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ и др. Рекомендации Научно-исследовательского института нефрологии Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета им. акад. И.П. Павлова: определение, классификация, диагностика и основные направления профилактики хронической болезни почек у взрослых. Левша, СПб, 2008; 51Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ и др. Рекомендации Научно-исследовательского института нефрологии Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета им. акад. И.П. Павлова: определение, классификация, диагностика и основные направления профилактики хронической болезни почек у взрослых. Левша, СПб, 2008; 51Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ. Проблема модификации классификации хронической болезни почек. Нефрология 2010; 15(2): 7-15Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ. Проблема модификации классификации хронической болезни почек. Нефрология 2010; 15(2): 7-15Смирнов АВ, Кучер АГ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ. Руководство по лечебному питанию для больных хронической болезнью почек. Триада, СПб.-Тверь, 2009; 240Смирнов АВ, Кучер АГ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ. Руководство по лечебному питанию для больных хронической болезнью почек. Триада, СПб.-Тверь, 2009; 240Шилов Е.М. Хроническая болезнь почек и программа народосбережения России. Саратов, 2011Шилов Е.М. Хроническая болезнь почек и программа народосбережения России. Саратов, 2011Швецов МЮ, Бобкова ИН, Колина ИБ, Камышова ЕС. Современные принципы диагностики и лечения хронической болезни почек: методическое руководство для врачей. Шилов ЕМ, ред. Саратов, 2011Швецов МЮ, Бобкова ИН, Колина ИБ, Камышова ЕС. Современные принципы диагностики и лечения хронической болезни почек: методическое руководство для врачей. Шилов ЕМ, ред. Саратов, 2011Шутов АМ, Саенко ЮВ. Плеотропные кардиопротективные эффекты эритропоэтина. Нефрология 2006; 10(4): 18-22Шутов АМ, Саенко ЮВ. Плеотропные кардиопротективные эффекты эритропоэтина. Нефрология 2006; 10(4): 18-22Рerthoux F, Jones E, Gellert R et al. Epidemiological data of treated end-stage renal failure in the European Union (EU) during the year 1995; Report of European Renal Association Registry and the National Registries. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 2332-2342Рerthoux F, Jones E, Gellert R et al. Epidemiological data of treated end-stage renal failure in the European Union (EU) during the year 1995; Report of European Renal Association Registry and the National Registries. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 2332-2342Bommer J. Prevalence and socio-economic aspects of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;. 17[Suppl]: 11; 8-12Bommer J. Prevalence and socio-economic aspects of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;. 17[Suppl]: 11; 8-12Brantsma AH, Bakker SJ, Hillege HL et al. Urinary albumin excretion and its relation with C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome in the prediction of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(10): 2525-2530Brantsma AH, Bakker SJ, Hillege HL et al. Urinary albumin excretion and its relation with C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome in the prediction of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(10): 2525-2530Burnier M, Phan O, Wang Q. High salt intake: a cause of blood pressure-independent left ventricular hypertrophy? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22(9):2426-2429Burnier M, Phan O, Wang Q. High salt intake: a cause of blood pressure-independent left ventricular hypertrophy? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22(9):2426-2429Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogeorgakis S et al. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2005;366 (9502): 2026-2233Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogeorgakis S et al. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2005;366 (9502): 2026-2233Chauveau P, Couzi L, Vendrely B et al. Long-term outcome on renal replacement therapy in patients who previously received a keto acid-supplemented very-low-protein diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(4):969-974Chauveau P, Couzi L, Vendrely B et al. Long-term outcome on renal replacement therapy in patients who previously received a keto acid-supplemented very-low-protein diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(4):969-974Chen J, Munter P, Hamm LZ et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 167-174Chen J, Munter P, Hamm LZ et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 167-174Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289(19):2560-2572Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289(19):2560-2572Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16(1): 31-41Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16(1): 31-41Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Mariat C et al. MDRD or CKDEPI study equations for estimating prevalence of stage 3 CKD in epidemiological studies: which difference? Is this difference relevant? BMC Nephrol 2010;11: 8. Published online 2010 June 1. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-11-8]Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Mariat C et al. MDRD or CKDEPI study equations for estimating prevalence of stage 3 CKD in epidemiological studies: which difference? Is this difference relevant? BMC Nephrol 2010;11: 8. Published online 2010 June 1. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-11-8]de Portu S, Citarella A, Cammarota S, Menditto E, Mantovani LG. Pharmaco-Economic Consequences of Losartan Therapy in Patients Undergoing Diabetic End Stage Renal Disease in EU and USA. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011;33(3):174-178de Portu S, Citarella A, Cammarota S, Menditto E, Mantovani LG. Pharmaco-Economic Consequences of Losartan Therapy in Patients Undergoing Diabetic End Stage Renal Disease in EU and USA. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011;33(3):174-178Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N et al. CREATE Investigators. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 2006;355(20): 2071-2084Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N et al. CREATE Investigators. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 2006;355(20): 2071-2084European Best Practice Guidelines, Expert Group on Hemodialysis, European Renal Association. Section I. Measurement of renal function, when to refer and when to start dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17 [suppl 7]; 7-15European Best Practice Guidelines, Expert Group on Hemodialysis, European Renal Association. Section I. Measurement of renal function, when to refer and when to start dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17 [suppl 7]; 7-15Foley RN, Wang C, Snyder JJ, Collins AJ. Cystatin C levels in U.S. adults, 1988-1994 versus 1999-2002: NHANES. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4(5):965-972Foley RN, Wang C, Snyder JJ, Collins AJ. Cystatin C levels in U.S. adults, 1988-1994 versus 1999-2002: NHANES. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4(5):965-972Forman JP, Brenner BM. «Hypertension» and «microalbuminuria»: The bell tolls for thee. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 22-28Forman JP, Brenner BM. «Hypertension» and «microalbuminuria»: The bell tolls for thee. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 22-28Fouque D, Laville M. Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 8;(3): CD001892Fouque D, Laville M. Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 8;(3): CD001892Fouque D, Pelletier S, Mafra D, Chauveau P. Nutrition and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2011; 80(4):348-357Fouque D, Pelletier S, Mafra D, Chauveau P. Nutrition and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2011; 80(4):348-357Fried ZF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BZ. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 260- 269Fried ZF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BZ. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2001; 59: 260- 269roissart M, Rossert J, Jacquot C, Paillard M, Houillier P. Predictive performance of the modification of diet in renal disease and Cockcroft-Gault equations for estimating renal function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16(3):763-773roissart M, Rossert J, Jacquot C, Paillard M, Houillier P. Predictive performance of the modification of diet in renal disease and Cockcroft-Gault equations for estimating renal function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16(3):763-773Glynn LG, Reddan D, Newell J et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality and morbidity among patients with established cardiovascular disease: a West of Ireland community-based cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22(9):2586-2594Glynn LG, Reddan D, Newell J et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality and morbidity among patients with established cardiovascular disease: a West of Ireland community-based cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22(9):2586-2594Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(13):1296-305Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(13):1296-305Goodman WG, London G, Amann K et al. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43(3): 572-579Goodman WG, London G, Amann K et al. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43(3): 572-579Hallan S, Asberg A, Lindberg M, Johnsen H. Validation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula for estimating GFR with special emphasis on calibration of the serum creatinine assay. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44(1): 84-93Hallan S, Asberg A, Lindberg M, Johnsen H. Validation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula for estimating GFR with special emphasis on calibration of the serum creatinine assay. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44(1): 84-93Hansen HP, Tauber-Lassen E, Jensen BR, Parving HH. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2002; 62(1): 220-228Hansen HP, Tauber-Lassen E, Jensen BR, Parving HH. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2002; 62(1): 220-228Haroun NK, Jaar BG, Hoffman SC et al. Risk factors for chronic Kidney disease: a prospective study of 23.534 men and women in Washington Country, Maryland. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2934-2941Haroun NK, Jaar BG, Hoffman SC et al. Risk factors for chronic Kidney disease: a prospective study of 23.534 men and women in Washington Country, Maryland. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2934-2941He J, Whelton PK. Elevated systolic blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular and renal disease: overview of evidence from observational epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 1999; 138(3 Pt 2): 211-219He J, Whelton PK. Elevated systolic blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular and renal disease: overview of evidence from observational epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 1999; 138(3 Pt 2): 211-219Henry RM, Kostense PJ, Bos G et al. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: the Hoorn Study. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1402-1407Henry RM, Kostense PJ, Bos G et al. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: the Hoorn Study. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1402-1407Hsu C-Y, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Shlipac MG. Racial differences in the progression from chronic renal insufficiency to end-stage renal disease in the United State. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2902-2907Hsu C-Y, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Shlipac MG. Racial differences in the progression from chronic renal insufficiency to end-stage renal disease in the United State. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2902-2907Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Go AS. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2006 3;144(1):21-28Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Go AS. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2006 3;144(1):21-28Ibrahim S, Rashid L, Darai M. Modification of diet in renal disease equation underestimates glomerular filtration rate in egyptian kidney donors. Exp Clin Transplant 2008;6(2):144-148Ibrahim S, Rashid L, Darai M. Modification of diet in renal disease equation underestimates glomerular filtration rate in egyptian kidney donors. Exp Clin Transplant 2008;6(2):144-148Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352(9131):837-853Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352(9131):837-853Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH et al. AIPRD Study Group. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(4): 244-252Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH et al. AIPRD Study Group. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(4): 244-252Joint Speciality Committee on Renal Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians and the Renal Association atRCoGP. Chronic Kidney Disease in adults: UK guidelines for management and referral. Royal College of Physicians, London: 2006Joint Speciality Committee on Renal Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians and the Renal Association atRCoGP. Chronic Kidney Disease in adults: UK guidelines for management and referral. Royal College of Physicians, London: 2006Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: S1-S290Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: S1-S290Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ et al.The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330(13):877-884Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ et al.The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330(13):877-884Klausen KP Scharling H, Jensen G, Jensen JS. New definition of microalbuminuria in hypertensive subjects: association with incident coronary heart disease and death. Hypertension 2005; 46(1):33-37Klausen KP Scharling H, Jensen G, Jensen JS. New definition of microalbuminuria in hypertensive subjects: association with incident coronary heart disease and death. Hypertension 2005; 46(1):33-37Kopple JD, Feroze U. The effect of obesity on chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2011; 1(1):66-71Kopple JD, Feroze U. The effect of obesity on chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2011; 1(1):66-71Krikken JA, Lely AT, Bakker SJ, Navis G. The effect of a shift in sodium intake on renal hemodynamics is determined by body mass index in healthy young men. Kidney Int 2007; 71(3):260-265Krikken JA, Lely AT, Bakker SJ, Navis G. The effect of a shift in sodium intake on renal hemodynamics is determined by body mass index in healthy young men. Kidney Int 2007; 71(3):260-265Lentine K, Wrone EM. New insights into protein intake and progression of renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004; 13(3):333-336Lentine K, Wrone EM. New insights into protein intake and progression of renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004; 13(3):333-336Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine; a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(8): 461-470Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine; a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(8): 461-470Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek JW, Beck GJ. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: A0828Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek JW, Beck GJ. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: A0828Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005; 67(6): 2089-20100Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005; 67(6): 2089-20100Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2009;150: 604–612Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2009;150: 604–612Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J et al. The definition, classification and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int 2010; http:/www. kidney-international.orgLevey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J et al. The definition, classification and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report. Kidney Int 2010; http:/www. kidney-international.orgLocatelli F, Aljama P, Canaud B et al. Anaemia Working Group of European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). Target haemoglobin to aim for with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: a position statement by ERBP following publication of the Trial to reduce cardiovascular events with Aranesp therapy (TREAT) study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25(9): 2846-2850Locatelli F, Aljama P, Canaud B et al. Anaemia Working Group of European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). Target haemoglobin to aim for with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: a position statement by ERBP following publication of the Trial to reduce cardiovascular events with Aranesp therapy (TREAT) study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25(9): 2846-2850Locatelli F, Covic A, Eckardt KU et al. ERA–EDTA ERBP Advisory Board. Anaemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease: a position statement by the Anaemia Working Group of European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:348-354Locatelli F, Covic A, Eckardt KU et al. ERA–EDTA ERBP Advisory Board. Anaemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease: a position statement by the Anaemia Working Group of European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:348-354Locatelli F, Pozzoni P, Del Vecchio L. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Italy: Possible therapeutical approaches. J Nephrol 2003; 16: 1-10Locatelli F, Pozzoni P, Del Vecchio L. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Italy: Possible therapeutical approaches. J Nephrol 2003; 16: 1-10López-Novoa JM, Rodríguez-Peña AB, Ortiz A et al. Etiopathology of chronic tubular, glomerular and renovascular nephropathies: clinical implications. J Transl Med 2011; 9:13. Published online 2011 Jan 20. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-13López-Novoa JM, Rodríguez-Peña AB, Ortiz A et al. Etiopathology of chronic tubular, glomerular and renovascular nephropathies: clinical implications. J Transl Med 2011; 9:13. Published online 2011 Jan 20. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-13Ma YC, Zuo L, Chen JH et al. Modified glomerular filtration rate estimating equation for Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(10): 2937-2944Ma YC, Zuo L, Chen JH et al. Modified glomerular filtration rate estimating equation for Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17(10): 2937-2944Maki DD, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Kasiske BL.Long-term effects of antihypertensive agents on proteinuria and renal function. Arch Intern Med 1995;155(10):1073-1080Maki DD, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Kasiske BL.Long-term effects of antihypertensive agents on proteinuria and renal function. Arch Intern Med 1995;155(10):1073-1080MacKinnon M, Shurraw S, Akbari A et al. Combination therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker and an ACE inhibitor in proteinuric renal disease: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety data. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48(1): 8-12MacKinnon M, Shurraw S, Akbari A et al. Combination therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker and an ACE inhibitor in proteinuric renal disease: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety data. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48(1): 8-12Mann JFE. Cardiovascular risk in patients with mild renal insufficiency: implication for the use of ACE inhibitors. La Presse Medicale 2005; 34(18): 1303-1308Mann JFE. Cardiovascular risk in patients with mild renal insufficiency: implication for the use of ACE inhibitors. La Presse Medicale 2005; 34(18): 1303-1308Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M et al. The ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET®) Investigators. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET® study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:547–553Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M et al. The ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET®) Investigators. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET® study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:547–553Matsuo S, Imai E, Horio M et al. Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;53(6):982-992Matsuo S, Imai E, Horio M et al. Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;53(6):982-992McClellan WM, Flanders WD. Risk factors for progressive chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: S65-S70McClellan WM, Flanders WD. Risk factors for progressive chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: S65-S70Meloni C, Morosetti M, Suraci C et al. Severe dietary protein restriction in overt diabetic nephropathy: benefits or risks? J Ren Nutr 2002;12(2): 96-101Meloni C, Morosetti M, Suraci C et al. Severe dietary protein restriction in overt diabetic nephropathy: benefits or risks? J Ren Nutr 2002;12(2): 96-101Meloni C, Tatangelo P, Cipriani S, Rossi V, Suraci C, Tozzo C, Rossini B, Cecilia A, Di Franco D, Straccialano E, Casciani CU. Adequate protein dietary restriction in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr 2004; 14(4):208-213Meloni C, Tatangelo P, Cipriani S, Rossi V, Suraci C, Tozzo C, Rossini B, Cecilia A, Di Franco D, Straccialano E, Casciani CU. Adequate protein dietary restriction in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr 2004; 14(4):208-213Mitch WE. Dietary therapy in CKD patients – the current status. Am J Nephrol 2005; 25[suppl.1]: 7-8Mitch WE. Dietary therapy in CKD patients – the current status. Am J Nephrol 2005; 25[suppl.1]: 7-8Muntner P, He J, Astor BC et al. Traditional and nontraditional risk factors predict coronary heart disease in chronic kidney disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:529-538Muntner P, He J, Astor BC et al. Traditional and nontraditional risk factors predict coronary heart disease in chronic kidney disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:529-538Majunath G, Tighionart H, Ibrahim H et al. Level of kidney function as a risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 47-55Majunath G, Tighionart H, Ibrahim H et al. Level of kidney function as a risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 47-55Macdougall IC, Temple RM, Kwan JT. Is early treatment of anaemia with epoetin-alpha beneficial to pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients? Results of a multicentre, open-label, prospective, randomized, comparative group trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007 22(3):784-793Macdougall IC, Temple RM, Kwan JT. Is early treatment of anaemia with epoetin-alpha beneficial to pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients? Results of a multicentre, open-label, prospective, randomized, comparative group trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007 22(3):784-793Muntner P, Coresh J, Smith JC et al. Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 293-301Muntner P, Coresh J, Smith JC et al. Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 293-301National Kidney Foundation KD: Clinical practice guidelines for chronic Kidney disease: Evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39 [Suppl 1]: S1-S266National Kidney Foundation KD: Clinical practice guidelines for chronic Kidney disease: Evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39 [Suppl 1]: S1-S266Nitsch D, Dietrich DF, von Eckardstein A et al. Prevalence of renal impairment and its association with cardiovascular risk factors in a general population: results of the Swiss SAPALDIA study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21(4): 935-944Nitsch D, Dietrich DF, von Eckardstein A et al. Prevalence of renal impairment and its association with cardiovascular risk factors in a general population: results of the Swiss SAPALDIA study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21(4): 935-944Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995; 28(2): 103-117Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995; 28(2): 103-117Pecoits-Filho R. Dietary protein intake and kidney disease in Western diet. Contrib Nephrol 2007;155:102-112Pecoits-Filho R. Dietary protein intake and kidney disease in Western diet. Contrib Nephrol 2007;155:102-112Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM et al. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med 1995 15; 123(10):754-762Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM et al. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med 1995 15; 123(10):754-762Pijls LT, de Vries H, van Eijk JT, Donker AJ. Protein restriction, glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56(12):1200-1207Pijls LT, de Vries H, van Eijk JT, Donker AJ. Protein restriction, glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56(12):1200-1207Pinto-Siersma SJ, Mulder J, Janssen WM et al. Smoking is related to albuminuria and abnormal renal function in nondiabetic persons. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:585- 591Pinto-Siersma SJ, Mulder J, Janssen WM et al. Smoking is related to albuminuria and abnormal renal function in nondiabetic persons. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:585- 591Prakash S, Pande DP, Sharma S et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of ketodiet in predialytic chronic renal failure. Ren Nut 2004; 14(2):89-96Prakash S, Pande DP, Sharma S et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of ketodiet in predialytic chronic renal failure. Ren Nut 2004; 14(2):89-96Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Perna A et al. RENAAL Study Group Continuum of renoprotection with losartan at all stages of type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a post hoc analysis of the RENAAL trial results. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(12): 3117-3125Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Perna A et al. RENAAL Study Group Continuum of renoprotection with losartan at all stages of type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a post hoc analysis of the RENAAL trial results. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(12): 3117-3125Riccioni G. Aliskiren in the treatment of hypertension and organ damage. Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 29(1):77-87Riccioni G. Aliskiren in the treatment of hypertension and organ damage. Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 29(1):77-87Ritz E. Hypertension and kidney disease. Clin Nephrol 2010;74 [Suppl 1]: S39-43Ritz E. Hypertension and kidney disease. Clin Nephrol 2010;74 [Suppl 1]: S39-43Ritz E. Salt-friend or foe? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006 21(8):2052-2056Ritz E. Salt-friend or foe? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006 21(8):2052-2056Ritz E, Dikow R, Morath C, Schwenger V. Salt-a potential‚ uremic toxin‘? Blood Purif 2006;24(1):63-66Ritz E, Dikow R, Morath C, Schwenger V. Salt-a potential‚ uremic toxin‘? Blood Purif 2006;24(1):63-66Rodger RSC, Williams B. Consensus conference on early chronic kidney disease. Foreword. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22 [suppl 9]: ix:1Rodger RSC, Williams B. Consensus conference on early chronic kidney disease. Foreword. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22 [suppl 9]: ix:1Rodrigo E и соавт. Measurement of renal function in preESRD patients. Kidney Int 2002; 61[Suppl 80]: S11-S17]Rodrigo E и соавт. Measurement of renal function in preESRD patients. Kidney Int 2002; 61[Suppl 80]: S11-S17]Rule AD, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ et al. Using serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate: accuracy in good health and in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 2004;141: 929–937Rule AD, Larson TS, Bergstralh EJ et al. Using serum creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate: accuracy in good health and in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 2004;141: 929–937Rutkowski B. Changing pattern of end-stage renal failure in Central and Eastern Europe. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 15: 156-160Rutkowski B. Changing pattern of end-stage renal failure in Central and Eastern Europe. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 15: 156-160Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, Harris W, KrisEtherton P, Winston M. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: a summary of a statement for professionals from the american heart association nutrition committee. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26(8):1689-1692Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, Harris W, KrisEtherton P, Winston M. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: a summary of a statement for professionals from the american heart association nutrition committee. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26(8):1689-1692Saito A, Kaseda R, Hosojima M, Sato H. Proximal tubule cell hypothesis for cardiorenal syndrome in diabetes. Int J Nephrol 2010 Dec 9;2011:957164Saito A, Kaseda R, Hosojima M, Sato H. Proximal tubule cell hypothesis for cardiorenal syndrome in diabetes. Int J Nephrol 2010 Dec 9;2011:957164Schaeffner ES, Kurth T, Curhan GC et al. Cholesterol and the risk of renal dysfunction in apparently healthy men. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2084- 2091Schaeffner ES, Kurth T, Curhan GC et al. Cholesterol and the risk of renal dysfunction in apparently healthy men. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2084- 2091Schmieder RE Schrader J, Zidek W et al. Low-grade albuminuria and cardiovascular risk: what is the evidence? Clin Res Cardiol 2007; 96(5):247-257Schmieder RE Schrader J, Zidek W et al. Low-grade albuminuria and cardiovascular risk: what is the evidence? Clin Res Cardiol 2007; 96(5):247-257Schiepati A, Remuzzi G. Chronic renal disease as a public health problem: Epidemiology, social and economic implications. Kidney Int 2005; 68[Suppl 98]: S7-S10Schiepati A, Remuzzi G. Chronic renal disease as a public health problem: Epidemiology, social and economic implications. Kidney Int 2005; 68[Suppl 98]: S7-S10Segura J, Campo C, Ruilope LM. Effect of proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate on cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Kidney Int 2004; [Suppl 92]:S45-S49Segura J, Campo C, Ruilope LM. Effect of proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate on cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Kidney Int 2004; [Suppl 92]:S45-S49Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Iaina A.The role of anemia in the progression of congestive heart failure. Is there a place for erythropoietin and intravenous iron? J Nephrol 2004;17(6):749-761Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Iaina A.The role of anemia in the progression of congestive heart failure. Is there a place for erythropoietin and intravenous iron? J Nephrol 2004;17(6):749-761Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL et al. CHOIR Investigators. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2006;355(20):2085-2098Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL et al. CHOIR Investigators. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2006;355(20):2085-2098Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW et al. Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2008; 336(7645):645-651Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW et al. Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2008; 336(7645):645-651Teschan PE, Beck GJ, Dwyer JT et al. Effect of a ketoacidaminoacid-supplemented very low protein diet on the progression of advanced renal disease: a reanalysis of the MDRD feasibility study. Clin Nephrol 1998 50(5):273-283Teschan PE, Beck GJ, Dwyer JT et al. Effect of a ketoacidaminoacid-supplemented very low protein diet on the progression of advanced renal disease: a reanalysis of the MDRD feasibility study. Clin Nephrol 1998 50(5):273-283Tanaka H, Shiohira Y, Uezu Y et al. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in Okinawa, Japan. Kidney Int 2006; 69(2):369-374Tanaka H, Shiohira Y, Uezu Y et al. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in Okinawa, Japan. Kidney Int 2006; 69(2):369-374The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(14):977-986The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(14):977-986U.S. Renal Data System. USRDR 2004 Annual Data Report, Bethesda, MD, National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2004U.S. Renal Data System. USRDR 2004 Annual Data Report, Bethesda, MD, National Institute of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2004Uribarri J, Tuttle KR. Advanced glycation end products and nephrotoxicity of high-protein diets. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 1(6):1293-1299Uribarri J, Tuttle KR. Advanced glycation end products and nephrotoxicity of high-protein diets. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 1(6):1293-1299Vanholder R и соавт. Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20(6):1048-1056Vanholder R и соавт. Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20(6):1048-1056Warmoth L, Regalado MM, Simoni J et al. Cigarette smoking enhances increased urine albumin excretion as a risk factor for glomerular filtration rate decline in primary hypertension. Am J Med Sci 2005; 330(3): 111-119Warmoth L, Regalado MM, Simoni J et al. Cigarette smoking enhances increased urine albumin excretion as a risk factor for glomerular filtration rate decline in primary hypertension. Am J Med Sci 2005; 330(3): 111-119Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Levey AS et al. Lowest systolic blood pressure is associated with stroke in stages 3 to 4 chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18 (3):960-966Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Levey AS et al. Lowest systolic blood pressure is associated with stroke in stages 3 to 4 chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18 (3):960-966Wesson DE, Nathan T, Rose T, Simoni J, Tran RM. Dietary protein induces endothelin-mediated kidney injury through enhanced intrinsic acid production. Kidney Int 2007 71(3):210-221Wesson DE, Nathan T, Rose T, Simoni J, Tran RM. Dietary protein induces endothelin-mediated kidney injury through enhanced intrinsic acid production. Kidney Int 2007 71(3):210-221Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ et al. British Hypertension Society. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens 2004;18(3): 139-185Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ et al. British Hypertension Society. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens 2004;18(3): 139-185Xue JL, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Collins AJ. Forecast of the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2010. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2753-2758Xue JL, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Collins AJ. Forecast of the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2010. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2753-2758

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.