ПОСТОЯННЫЙ СОСУДИСТЫЙ ДОСТУП ДЛЯ ГЕМОДИАЛИЗА: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ

Благодаря использованию заместительной почечной терапии на современном этапе развития медицины возможна полная медицинская и социальная реабилитация пациентов с терминальной стадией поражения почек. При этом программному гемодиализу отводится особое место, как основному методу экстракорпоральной детоксикации. Важным условием успешности лечения больных на гемодиализе является выбор оптимального постоянного сосудистого доступа и поддержание адекватно функционирующего доступа к крови на протяжении всей жизни больного. Несмотря на множество видов и модификаций, до сих пор нативная артериовенозная фистула является наиболее предпочтительным доступом к крови. Артериовенозные графты являются доступами второй линии. Хотя в некоторых случаях порядок выбора сосудистого доступа может изменяться. Правильное использование, уход и своевременная хирургическая коррекция позволяют сохранять постоянный сосудистый доступ длительное время, снижая число осложнений последнего. Это, в свою очередь, способствует повышению выживаемости данной категории больных.

Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.

1. Ермоленко ВМ. Хронический гемодиализ. Медицина, М., 1982; 278с

2. Kolff WJ, Berk HTh. The artificial kidney: a dialyzer with a great area. ActaMedScand1944; 117:121-134

3. Quinton WE, Dillard D, Scribner BH. Cannulation of blood vessels for prolonged hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1960; 104-113

4. Brescia MJ, Cimino JE, Appel K, Hurwich BJ. Chronic hemodialysis using venipuncture and a surgically created arteriovenous fistula. N Engl J Med 1966; 275 (20): 1089–1092

5. Dunlop MG, Mackinlay JY, Jenkins AM. Vascular access: experience with the brachiocephalic fistula. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1986; 68:203-206

6. Stonebridge PA, Edington D, Jenkins AM. ‘Brachial/basilic vein’ transposition forvascular access. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1995; 40:219-220

7. Bryan FA. Seventh Annual Progress ReportOct. 1, 1974 – Oct. 1, 1975 Report № AK-7-7-1387. Research Triangle Institute, Triangle Park, NC. The National Dialysis Registry – Artificial Kidneys – Chronic Uremia Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1975

8. Geis WP, Giacchino J. A game plan for vascular access for hemodialysis. Surgical Rounds 1980; 132(3):332-335

9. Powe NR, Jaar B, Furth SL, Hermann J, Briggs W. Septicaemia in dialysis patients:incidence, risk factors and prognosis. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1081-1090

10. Schwab SJ, Beathard G. The hemodialysis catheter conundrum: hate living with them, but can’t live without them. Kidney Int 1999; 56: 1-17

11. U.S. Renal Data System. The economic cost of ESRD, vascular access procedures, and Medicare spending for alternative modalities of treatment. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30(Suppl.1):S160- S177

12. Feldman HI, Kobrin S, Wasserstein A. Hemodialysis Vascular Access Morbidity. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7:523-535

13. Chazan JA, London MR, Pono L. The impact of diagnosisrelated groups on the cost ofhospitalisation for end-stage renal disease patients at Rhode Island Hospital from 1987 to1990. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 6:523-525

14. Смирнов АВ. Заместительная почечная терапия. Нефрология 2011; 15(1): 33-46

15. Енькина ТН, Лукичев БГ, Енькин АА, Гринев КМ. Влияние шунтового кровотока по артериовенозной фистуле на развитие сердечной недостаточности у больных с хронической почечной недостаточностью, корригированной программным гемодиализом. Нефрология 2000; 4(1):48-52

16. Rutherford RB. Rutherford’s vascular surgery / Cronenwett Jack L., Johnston K. Wayne; associate editors, Cambria Richard et al.7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2010: 1169-1173

17. Wilson SE. Vascular Access. Principles and Practice / Samuel Eric Wilson. – 5th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolter Kluwer business, 2010:173-174

18. NKF-DOQI clinical practice guidelines for vascular access. New York, National Kidney Foundation, 1997; 191p

19. Konner K. Primary vascular access in diabetic patients: an audit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000 Sep; 15(9): 1317-1325

20. Konner K, Nonnast-Daniel B, Ritz E. The Arteriovenous Fistula. Journal of the American Society of Nefrology 2003; 14: 1669-1680

21. Wixon CL, Hughes JD, Mills JL. Understending strategies for the treatment of ischemic steal syndrome after hemodialysis access. J Am Coll Surg 2000 Sept; 191(3): 301-310

22. Dhingra RK, Young EW, Hulbert-Shearon TE et al. Type of vascular access and mortality in U.S. hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001 Oct; 60(4): 1443-1451

23. Kojecky Z, Utikal P, Sekanina Z et al., Venous hypertension following average arterio-venous fistula for haemodialysis. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2002 Dec; 146(2):77-79

24. Marr KA, Sexton DJ, Conlon PJ et al. Catheter-related bacteremia and outcome of attempted catheter salvage in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 1997 Aug 15; 127(4): 275-280

25. Verghese S, Padmaja P, Sudha P et al. Central venous catheter related infections. J Commun Dis 1999 Mar; 31(1): 1-4

26. Rodriguez JA, Armadans L, Ferrer E et al. The function of permanent vascular access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15(3):402-408

27. Chin AI, Chang W, Fitzgerald JT et al. Intra-access blood flow in patients with newly created upper-arm arteriovenous native fistulae for hemodialysis access. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44(5):850- 858

28. Hemodialysis Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Canadian Society of Nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(Suppl 1):S1-27

29. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations 2006 Updates Hemodialysis adequacy Peritoneal Dialysis Adequacy Vascular Access. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48(Suppl 1):S1-158

30. Gradman WS, Laub J, Cohen W. Femoral vein transposition for arteriovenous hemodialysis access: improved patient selection and intraoperative measures reduce postoperative ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41(2):279-284

31. Hurt AV, Batello-Cruz M, Skipper BJ et al. Bovine carotid artery heterografts versus polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. A prospective, randomized study. Am J Surg 1983; 146(6):844-847

32. Liu Z, Zhu B, Wang X et al. Clinical studies of hemodialysis access through formaldehyde-fixed arterial allografts. Kidney Int 2007; 72(10):1249-1254

33. Canaud B. Formaldehyde-fixed arterial allograft as a novel vascular access alternative in end-stage renal disease patients. Kidney Int 2007; 72(10):1179-1181

34. Hurlbert SN, Mattos MA, Henretta JP et al. Long-term patency rates, complications and cost-effectiveness of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts for hemodialysis access: a prospective study that compares Impra versus Gore-tex grafts. Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 6:652-656

35. Lenz BJ, Veldenz HC, Dennis JW et al. A three-year followup on standard versus thin wall ePTFE grafts for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg 1998; 28(3):464-470

36. Schuman ES, Standage BA, Ragsdale JW, Gross GF. Reinforced versus non reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for hemodialysis access. Am J Surg 1997; 173:407

37. Miller CD, Robbin ML, Barker J, Allon M. Comparison of arteriovenous grafts in the thigh and upper extremities in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14(11):2942-2947

38. Ram SJ, Sachdeva BA, Caldito GC et al. Thigh grafts contribute significantly to patients’ time on dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5(7):1229-1234

39. Hessinger M, Zitta S, Holzer H, Tiesenhausen K. [Dialock® – an alternative to Permcath trade mark and Access Graft] [Article in German]. Zentralbl Chir 2003; 128 (9): 753–756

40. Metry G, Uhlin F, Almroth G. Swedish experience of the Dialock. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2007; 41 (3): 249–253

41. Moran JE, Prosl F. Totally implantable subcutaneous devices for hemodialysis access. Contrib Nephrol 2004; 142: 178–192

42. Rayan SS, Terramani TT, Weiss VJ, Chaikof EL. The LifeSite Hemodialysis Access System in patients with limited access. J Vasc Surg 2003; 38 (4): 714–718

43. Ross JR. Successful treatment of a LifeSite Hemodialysis Access System pocket infection with large-volume kanamycin solution irrigation. Adv Ren Replace Ther 2003; 10 (3): 248–253

44. Szczepanska M, Szprynger K, Stoksik P et al. [Port device central venous access in children with chronic renal disease – personal experience][Article in Polish]. Wiad Lek 2006; 59 (11–12): 814–818

45. Richard T. Hemodialysis access without a shunt or catheter: the circulating port. J Vasc Access 2007; 8 (2): 86–90

46. McAllister TN, Maruszewski M, Garrido SA et al. Effectiveness of haemodialysis access with an autologous tissueengineered vascular graft: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet 2009; 373:1440-1446

47. Dember LM, Beck GJ, Allon M, et al. Effect of clopidogrel on early failure of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299(18):2164-2171

48. Kaufman JL, Garb JL, Berman JA et al. A prospective comparison of two expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for linear forearm hemodialysis access: does the manufacturer matter? J Am Coll Surg 1997; 185(1):74-79

49. Polo JR, Tejedor A, Polo J et al. Long-term follow-up of 6-8 mm brachioaxillary polytetrafluorethylene grafts for hemodialysis. Artif Organs 1995; 19(11):1181-1184

50. Sands J, Miranda CL. Increasing numbers of AV fistulas for hemodialysis access. Clin Nephrol 1997; 48(2):114-117

51. Miller PE, Tolwani A, Luscy CP et al. Predictors of adequacy of arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1999; 56(1):275-280

52. Lockhart ME, Robbin ML, McNamara MM, Allon M. Association of pelvic arterial calcification with arteriovenous thigh graft failure in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19(10):2564-2569

53. Lok CE, Allon M, Moist L et al. Risk equation determining unsuccessful cannulation events and failure to maturation in arteriovenous fistulas (REDUCE FTM I). J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(11):3204-3212

54. Huijbregts HJ, Bots ML, Wittens CH et al. Hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula patency revisited: results of a prospective, multicenter initiative. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3:714-719

55. Silva MB Jr, Hobson RW 2nd, Pappas PJ et al. A strategy for increasing use of autogenous hemodialysis access procedures: impact of preoperative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27(2):302-307

56. Miller CD, Robbin ML, Allon M. Gender differences in outcomes of arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2003; 63:346-352

57. Obialo CI, Tagoe AT, Martin PC, Asche-Crowe PE. Adequacy and survival of autogenous arteriovenous fistula in African American hemodialysis patients. ASAIO J 2003; 49:435-439

58. Segal JH, Kayler LK, Henke P et al. Vascular access outcomes using the transposed basilic vein arteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42(1):151-157

59. Ravani P, Brunori G, Mandolfo S et al. Cardiovascular comorbidity and late referral impact arteriovenous fistula survival: a prospective multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(1):204-209

60. van der Linden J, Lameris TW, van den Meiracker AH et al. Forearm venous distensibility predicts successful arteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47(6):1013-1019

61. Lee T, Barker J, Allon M. Comparison of survival of upper arm arteriovenous fistulas and grafts after failed forearm fistula. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18(6):1936-1941

62. Beathard GA, Settle SM, Shields MW. Salvage of the nonfunctioning arteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33(5):910-916

63. Konner K, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Roys EC, Port FK. Tailoring the initial vascular access for dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62(1):329-338

64. Faiyaz R, Abreo K, Zaman F et al. Salvage of poorly developed arteriovenous fistulae with percutaneous ligation of accessory veins. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:824-827

65. Falk A, Teodorescu V, Lou WY et al. Treatment of “swing point stenoses” in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulae. Clin Nephrol 2003; 60(1):35-41

66. Beathard GA, Arnold P, Jackson J et al. Aggressive treatment of early fistula failure. Kidney Int 2003; 64(4):1487-1494

67. Nassar GM, Nguyen B, Rhee E, Achkar K. Endovascular treatment of the “failing to mature” arteriovenous fistula. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1(2):275-280

68. Sottiurai VS, Stephens A, Champagne L et al. Comparative results of early and delayed cannulation of arteriovenous graft in haemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997; 13:139-141

69. Rayner HC, Pisoni RL, Gillespie BWet al. Creation, cannulation and survival of arteriovenous fistulae: data from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int 2003; 63(1):323-330

70. Brunori G, Ravani P, Mandolfo S et al. Fistula maturation: doesn’t time matter at all? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20(4):684-687

71. Saran R, Dykstra DM, Pisoni RL et al. Timing of first cannulation and vascular access failure in haemodialysis: an analysis of practice patterns at dialysis facilities in the DOPPS. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19(9):2334-2340

72. Saran R, Pisoni RL, Young EW. Timing of first cannulation of arteriovenous fistula: are we waiting too long? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20(4):688-690

73. Bonalumi U, Civalleri D, Rovida S et al. Nine years’ experience with end-to-end arteriovenous fistula at the ‘anatomical snuff box’ for maintenance haemodialysis. Br J Surg 1982; 69:486-488

74. Munda R, First MR, Alexander JW et al. Polytetrafluoroethylene graft survival in hemodialysis. JAMA 1983; 249(2):219-222

75. Young EW, Dykstra DM, Goodkin DA et al. Hemodialysis vascular access preferences and outcomes in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Kidney Int 2002; 61(6):2266-2271

76. Bender MH, Bruyninckx CM, Gerlag PG. The brachiocephalic elbow fistula: a useful alternative angioaccess for permanent hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg 1994; 20:808-813

77. Hodges TC, Fillinger MF, Zwolak RM, et al. Longitudinal comparison of dialysis access methods: risk factors for failure. J Vasc Surg 1997; 26(6):1009-1019

78. Coburn MC, Carney WI Jr. Comparison of basilic vein and polytetrafluoroethylene for brachial arteriovenous fistula. J Vasc Surg 1994; 20(6):896-902

79. Iwashima Y, Horio T, Takami Y et al. Effects of the creation of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis on cardiac function and natriuretic peptide levels in CRF. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40:974-982

80. Bay WH, Van Cleef S, Owens M. The hemodialysis access: preferences and concerns of patients, dialysis nurses and technicians, and physicians. Am J Nephrol 1998; 18(5):379-383

81. III. NKF-K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access: update 2000. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37:S137-181

82. Tesio F, De Baz H, Panarello G et al. Double catheterization of the internal jugular vein for hemodialysis: indications, techniques, and clinical results. Artif Organs 1994; 18(4):301-304

83. Saad TF. Bacteriemia associated with tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34(6):1114-1124

84. Suhocki PV, Conlon PJ Jr, Knelson MH et al. Silastic cuffed catheters for hemodialysis vascular access: thrombolytic and mechanical correction of malfunction. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28:379-386

85. Atherikul K, Schwab SJ, Conlon PJ. Adequacy of haemodialysis with cuffed central-vein catheters. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:745-749

86. Dunn J, Nylander W, Richie R. Central venous dialysis access: experience with a dual-lumen, silicone rubber catheter. Surgery 1987; 102(5):784-789

87. Oliver MJ, Mendelssohn DC, Quinn RR et al. Catheter potency and function after catheter sheath disruption: a pilot study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2(6):1201-1206

88. Oliver MJ, Rothwell DM, Fung K et al. Late creation of vascular access for hemodialysis and increased risk of sepsis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(7):1936-1942

89. Pastan S, Soucie JM, McClellan WM. Vascular access and increased risk of death among hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62(2):620-626

90. Xue JL, Dahl D, Ebben JP, Collins AJ. The association of initial hemodialysis access type with mortality outcomes in elderly Medicare ESRD patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42(5):1013-1019

91. Polkinghorne KR, McDonald SP, Atkins RC, Kerr PG. Vascular access and all-cause mortality: a propensity score analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15(2):477-486

92. Thomson PC, Stirling CM, Geddes CC, et al. Vascular access in haemodialysis patients: a modifiable risk factor for bacteremia and death. QJM 2007; 100(7):415-422

93. Pisoni RL, Arrington CJ, Albert JM et al. Facility hemodialysis vascular access use and mortality in countries participating in DOPPS: an instrumental variable analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53:475-491

94. Astor BC, Eustace JA, Powe NR et al. Type of vascular access and survival among incident hemodialysis patients: the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for ESRD (CHOICE) Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16(5):1449-1455

95. Allon M, Daugirdas J, Depner TA et al. Effect of change in vascular access on patient mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47(3):469-477

96. Allon M, Robbin ML. Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients: problems and solutions. Kidney Int 2002; 62(4):1109-1124

97. Lok CE, Oliver MJ. Overcoming barriers to arteriovenous fistula creation and use. Semin Dial 2003; 16(3):189-196

98. Yigla M, Nakhoul F, Sabag A et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with end-stage renal disease. Chest 2003; 123: 1577-1582

99. Nakhoul F, Yigla M, Gilman R et al. The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in haemodialysis patients via arteriovenous access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1686-1692