СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ О НЕДОСТАТОЧНОСТИ ПИТАНИЯ У БОЛЬНЫХ С ХРОНИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЧЕЧНОЙ НЕДОСТАТОЧНОСТЬЮ, ПОЛУЧАЮЩИХ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ ГЕМОДИАЛИЗОМ

недостаточность питания, хроническое воспаление, лептин, гемодиализ

1. Torun B, Chew F. Protein – energy malnutrition / Modern nutrition in Health and Disease. (8 th ed.) / Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M. Williams and Wilkins 1994; 950-976

2. Sardesai VM. Fundamentals of nutrition. In: Dekker M (ed). Introduction to Clinical Nutrition. New York: Sardesai 1998; 1-13

3. Луфт ВМ, Хорошилов ИЕ. Нутриционная поддержка больных в клинической практике.– СПб.: Изд. ВМедА 1997; 1-8

4. Pupim LB, Ikizler TA. Uremic Malnutrition: New Insights Into an Old Problem: Review. Seminars in Dialysis (Cambridge, Ma)2003; 16(3): 224-232

5. Lowrie EG, Huang WH, Lew NL, Liu Y. The relative contribution of measured variables to death risk among hemodialysis patients. In: Friedman EA (ed). Death on Hemodialysis. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic 1994; 121-141

6. Schofield C, Ashworth A. Why have mortality rates for severe malnutrition remained so high? Bull World Health Organ 1996; 74(2): 223-229

7. Шостка ГД, Долгодворов АФ, Команденко МС. Показания к началу гемодиализной терапии у больных с хронической почечной недостаточностью. Нефрология 1999; 3(1): 14-19

8. Larsson J, Akerlind I, Permerth J, Hornqvist JO. The relation between nutritional state and quality of life in surgical patients. Eur J Surg 1994; 160(6-7): 329-334

9. Kopple JD. National Kidney Foundation K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37: S66-S70

10. Chertow GM, Bullard A, Lazarus JM. Nutrition and the dialysis prescription. Am J Nephrol 1996; 16,(1) 79-89

11. Ikizler TA, Hakim RM. Nutrition in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1996; 50(2): 343-357

12. Walser M. Dialysis and protein malnutrition. Kidney Int 1999; 56(1): 353

13. Hakim RM. Clinical implications of hemodialysis membrane biocompatibility. Kidney Int 1993; 44(3) 484-494

14. Delege MH, Kirby DF. Nutrition and renal disease. Practical Handbook of Nutrition in Clinical Practice. Kirby DF, Dudrick SJ – CRC Press: Boca Ratin-Ann Arbor-London-Tokyo 1994; 197-214

15. Kopple JD, Swendseid ME, Shinaberger JH et al. The free and bound amino acids removed by hemodialysis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1973; 19: 309-313

16. Kaplan AA, Halley SE, Lapkin RA, Graeder ChW. Dialysate protein losses with bleach processed polysulphone dialyzes. Kidney Int 1995; 47(2): 573-578

17. Wathen RL, Keshavih P, Hommeyer P et al. The metabolic effects of hemodialysis with and without glucose in the dialysate. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31(10): 1870-1875

18. Kopple JD, Mercurio K, Blumenkrantz MJ et al. Daily requirement for pyridoxine supplements in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1981; 19(5): 694-704

19. Gilmour ER, Hartley GH, Goodship THJ. Trace elements vitamins in renal disease. Nutrition and the Kidney. Mitch W.E., Klahr S. Boston : Little, Brown and Co.1993; 114-131

20. Beto JA. Which diet for which renal failure: making sense of the options.J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95(8): 898-903

21. Kayali AG, Young VR, Goodman MN. Sensitivity of myofibrillar proteins to glucocorticoid induced muscle proteolysis. Am J Physiol 1987; 252: E621-E626

22. Mitch WE, Price SR, May RS et al. Metabolic consequences of uremia: extending the concept of adaptive responses to protein metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23(2): 224-228

23. Louard RJ, Fryburg DA, Gelfand RA, Barrett EJ. Insulin sensitivity of protein and glucose metabolism in human forearm skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 2348-2354

24. Nair KS, Ford GC, Ekberg K et al. Protein dynamics in whole body and in splanchnic and leg tissues in type I diabetic patients. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2926-2937

25. DeFronzo RA, Alvestrand A, Smith D et al. Insulin resistance in uremia. J Clin Invest 1981; 67(2): 563-568

26. Mac RHK, Bettinelli A, Turner C et al. The influence of hyperparathyroidism on glucose metabolism in uremia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60: 229 – 233

27. Garber AJ. Effects of parathyroid hormone on skeletal muscle protein and amino acid metabolism in the rat. J Clin Invest1983; 71(6): 1806-1821

28. Krieg JJr, Santos F, Chan JCM. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and the kidney. Kidney Int 1995; 48(2): 321-336

29. Chan W, Valerie KC, Chan JCM. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 in uremic rats: Growth hormone resistance and nutritional intake. Kidney Int 1993; 43(4): 790-795

30. Schaefer F, Chen Y, Tsao T et al. Impaired JAK-STAT signal transduction contributes to growth hormone resistance in chronic uremia. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 467-475

31. Reaich D, Channon SM, Scrimgeour CM et al. Correction of acidosis in humans with CRF decreases protein degradation and amino acid oxidation. Am J Physiol 1993;265: 230-235

32. Louden JD, Roberts RR, Goodship THS. Acidosis and nutrition. Kidney Int 1999; 56 [Suppl 73]: S85-S88

33. Mitch WE, Price SR, May RS et al. Metabolic consequences of uremia: extending the concept of adaptive responses to protein metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23(2): 224-228

34. Rosman JB, Brandl M, Langer K. Amino acid profiles during prolonged dietary protein restriction. Contrib Nephrol 1990; 81: 188-193

35. Garidotto G. Muscle amino acid metabolism and the control of muscle protein turnover in patients with chronic renal failure. Nutrition 1999; 15(2): 145-155

36. Bergstrum J, Alvestrand A, Fьrst O. Plasma and muscle free amino acids in maintenance hemodialysis patients without protein malnutrition. Kidney Int 1990; 38: 108-114

37. Knoflach A, Binswanger U. Acetate (A) vs. Bicarbonate (B) buffered dialysis: Extraction of urea. Kidney Int 1994; 45(6): 1785-1795

38. Bastani B, Meneely M, Schmitz PG. Serum bicarbonate is an independent determinant of protein catabolic rate in chronic hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 1996; 16(5): 382-385

39. Daugirdas JT. Simplified equations for monitoring Kt/v, PСRn, eKt/v, and ePСRn. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1995; 2: 295 –304

40. Owen WF, Lew NL, Liu Y et al. The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentrations as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(14): 1001-1006

41. Alvestrand A, Guttierez A. Relationship between nitrogen balance, protein, and energy intake in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11 [Suppl 2]: 130-133

42. Oldrizzi L, Rugiu C, De Biase V et al. Factors influencing dietary compliance in patients with chronic renal failure on unsupplemented low-protein diet. Cotrib Nephrol 1990; 81: 9-15

43. Bergstrцm J. Nutrition and mortality in hemodialysis (Review). J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6(5): 1329-1341

44. Evans RW, Mannien DL, Garrison LR et al. The quality of life of patient with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312(9): 553-559

45. Kimmel PL, Phillips TM, Simmens SJ et al. Immunologic function and survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998; 54(1): 236-244

46. Mattern WD, Hak LS, Lamanna RW et al. Malnutrition, altered immune function, and the risk of infection in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1982; 1(4): 206-218

47. Lesourd BM, Mazari L. Immune responses during recovery from protein-energy malnutrition. Clin Nutr 1997; 16 [Suppl 1]: 37-46

48. Bergstrцm J. Anoxia in dialysis patients. Seminars Nephrol 1996; 16(3): 222-229

49. Bergstrum J, Mamoun AH, Anderstam B et al. Middle molecules (MM) isolated from uremic ultrafiltrate (UF) and normal urine induce dose-dependent inhibition of appetite in the rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994; 5: 488

50. Румянцев АШ, Козлов ВВ, Казначеева ИГ. Средние молекулы. Лечение хронической почечной недостаточности. Под ред. С.И. Рябова.-СПб.: Фолиант 1997; 345-367

51. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M et al. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1995; 372: 425-432

52. Kershaw ES, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89(6): 2548-2556

53. Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2000; 21: 697-738

54. Fain JN, Madan AK, Hiler ML et al. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue of obese humans. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 2273-2282

55. Wiecek A, Kokot F, Chudek J, Adamczak M. The adipose tissue – a novel endocrine organ of interest to the nephrologists. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17(2): 191-195

56. Margetic S, Gazzola C, Pegg GG, Hill RA. Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1407-1433

57. Tartaglia LA, Dembski M, Weng X et al. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 1995; 83: 1263-1271

58. Chen H, Charlat O, Tartaglia LA et al. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell 1996; 84: 491-495

59. Lee GH, Proenca R, Montez JM et al. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 1996; 379: 632-635

60. Bjorback C, Kahn BB. Leptin signaling in the central nervous system and the periphery. Recent Prog Horm Res 2004; 59: 305-331

61. Le Cava A, Alviggi C, Matarese G. Unraveling the multiple roles of leptin in inflammation and autoimmunity. J Mol Med 2004; 82(1): 4-11

62. Панков ЮА. Лептин – новый гормон в эндокринологии. Успехи физиологических наук 2003; 34(2): 3-20

63. Zeibel RL. The role of leptin in the control of body weight. Nutrition Reviews 2002; 60(10,pt2): S15-S19

64. Ren J. Leptin and hyperleptinemia – from friend to foe for cardiovascular function (review). J of endocrinology (Bristol) 2004; 181(1): 1-10

65. Fruhbeck G, Jebb SA, Prentice AM. Leptin: physiology and pathophysiology (Review). Clinical physiology (Oxford) 1998; 18(5): 399-419

66. Nordfors L, Lonnqvist F, Heimburger O et al. Low leptin gene expression and hyperleptinemia in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 1267-1275

67. Plata-Salaman CR. Leptin and anorexia in renal insufficiency. Nephron Clinical Practice 2004; 97(3): 73-75

68. Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Tazza L et al. Does leptin contribute to uraemic cachexia? Nephrol Dial Transplant (Oxford) 2006; 21(4): 1125-1126

69. Kokot F, Adamczak M, Wiecek A. Plasma leptin concentration in kidney transplant patients during the early posttransplant period. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 2276-2280

70. Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Lonngvist F et al. Increases in serum leptin levels during peritoneal dialysis are associated with inflammation and a decrease in lean body mass. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 1: 1303-1309

71. Don BR, Rosales LM, Levine NW et al. Leptin is a negative acute phase protein in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney In t2001; 59: 1114-1120

72. Kayardi M, Icagasioglu S, Yilmaz A, Candan F. Serum leptin levels and malnutrition in patients with chronic renal failure. Saudi medical journal (Riyadh) 2006; 27(4): 477-481

73. Cheung W, Yu PX, Little BM ef al. Role of leptin and melanocortin signaling in uremia-associated cachexia. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1659-1665

74. Nordfors L, Lonnqvist F, Heimburger 0 et al. Low leptin gene expression and hyperleptinemia in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 1267-1275

75. Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Lonnqvist F et al. Increases in serum leptin levels during peritoneal dialysis are associated with inflammation and a decrease in lean body mass. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 1303-1309

76. Pecoits-Filho R, Nordfors L, Heimburger О et al. Soluble leptin receptors and serum leptin in end-stage renal disease: relationship with inflammation and body composition. Eur J Clin Invest2002; 32: 811-817

77. Voegeling S, Fantuzzi G. Regulation of free and bound leptin and soluble leptin receptors during inflammation in mice. Cytokine 2001; 14: 97-103

78. Huang QH, Hruby VJ, Tatro JB. Role of central melanocortins in endotoxin – induced anorexia. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: R864-R871

79. Owen WF, Lowrie EG. C-reactive protein as an outcome predictor for maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 627-636

80. Stenvinkel P, Heimburger O, Paultre F et al. Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1899-1911

81. Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A et al. Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 648-658

82. Bergstrom J, Lindholm B, Lacson E et al. What are the causes and consequences of the chronic inflammatory state in chronic dialysis patients? Seminars Dial 2000; 13: 163-175

83. Kaysen GA. The microinflammatory state in uremia: causes and potential consequences. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 1549-1557

84. Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Danielsson A et al. Factors predicting malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study. Kidney Int 1998; 53: 773-782

85. Bistrian BR. Role of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the development of protein-calorie malnutrition in ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32: S113-S117

86. Dinarello CA, Roubenoff RA. Mechanisms of loss of lean body mass in patients on chronic dialysis. Blood Purif 1996; 14: 388-394

87. Flores EA, Bistrian BR, Pomposelli JJ et al. Infusion of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin promotes muscle catabolism in the rat. A synergistic effect with interleukin 1. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1614-1622

88. Tsujinaka T, Fujita J, Ebisui C et al. Interleukin 6 receptor antibody inhibits muscle atrophy and modulates proteolytic systems in interleukin 6 transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 244-249

89. Gutierrez A, Alvestrand A, Wahren J, Bergstrom J. Effect of in vivo contact between blood and dialysis membranes on protein catabolism in humans. Kidney Int 1990; 38: 487-494

90. Parker III TF, Wingard RL, Husni L et al. Effect of the membrane biocompatibility on nutritional parameters in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 551-556

91. Roubenoff R, Roubenoff RA, Cannon JG et al. Rheumatoid cachexia: cytokine-driven hypermetabolism accompanying reduced body cell mass in chronic inflammation. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2379-2386

92. Ikizler TA, Wingard RL, Sun M et al. Increased energy expenditure in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996; 7: 2646-2653

93. Ikizler TA, Pupim LB, Brouillette JR et al. Hemodialysis stimulates muscle and whole body protein loss and alters substrate oxidation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 282: E107-E116

94. Neyra RN, Chen KY, Sun M et al. Increased resting energy expenditure in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 9: 134-139