SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOTHELIUM IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. LITERATURE REVIEW AND PERSONAL DATA

chronic kidney disease, cardio-vascular complications, endothelium, endothelial dysfunction

1. Davies MJ, Thomas АС. Plaque fissuring – the cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischemic death, and creshendo angina. Brit Heart Jourrn 1985; 53: 363-373

2. Fuster V, Lewis A. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: Insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation 1994; 90: 2126-2146

3. Falk E, Shah PK, Faster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995; 92: 657-671

4. Петрищев НН. Современные аспекты эндотелиопротекции в клинической практике. Ангиопротекция в практике терапевта: Материалы III Конгресса терапевтов Санкт-Петербурга и Северо-Западного Федерального округа России. СПб., 2004; 3-6

5. Петрищев НН, Власов ТД. Физиология и патофизиология эндотелия. В: Петрищев НН, ред. Дисфункция эндотелия. Причины, механизмы, фармакологическая коррекция.Изд-во СПбГМУ, СПб., 2003; 4-38

6. Britten MB, Zeiher AM, Schachinger V. Clinical importance of coronary endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and therapeutic options. J Intern Med 1999; 245(4): 315-321

7. Шишкин АН, Кирилюк ДВ. Дисфункция эндотелия у пациентов с прогрессирующими заболеваниями почек. Нефрология 2005; 9(2): 16-22

8. Noguera A, Busquets X, Sauleda J et al. Expression of adhesion molecules and G proteins in circulating neut trophils in chronic pulmonary disease. Am J Crit Care Med 1998; 158(5): 1664-1668

9. Гомазков ОА. Пептиды в кардиологии. Биохимия. Физиология. Патология. Информация. Анализ. Материк Альфа, М., 2000; 143

10. Дедов ИИ, Шестакова МВ, Кочемасова ТВ и др. Дисфункция эндотелия в развитии сосудистых осложнений сахарного диабета. Рос физиол журн им И.М. Сеченова 2001; 87(8): 1073-1084

11. Shirahase H, Fujiwara M, Usui H, Kurahashi K. A possible role of thromboxane A2 in endothelium in maintaining resting tone and producing contractile response to acetylcholine and arachidonic acid in canine cerebral artery. Blood Vessels 1987; 24: 117-119

12. Kato T, Iwama Y, Okumura K et al. Prostaglandin H2 may be the endothelium-derived contracting factor released by acetylcholine in the aorta of the rat. Hypertension 1990; 15: 475-482

13. Marie I, Beny JL. Endothelial dysfunction in murine model of systemic sclerosis. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119(6): 1379-1385

14. Cannon RO. Role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular disease: focus on the endothelium. Clin Chem 1998; 44: 1809-1819

15. Forstermann U, Biossel JP, Kleinert H. Expressional control of the constitutive isofiorms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS I and NOS III). FASEB J 1998; 12: 773-790

16. Li H., Forstermann U. Nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. J Pathol 2000; 90: 244-254

17. Sessa WC. The nitric oxide synthase family of proteins. J Vasc Res 1994; 31: 131-143

18. Манухина ЕБ, Смирин БВ, Малышев ИЮ и др. Депонирование оксида азота в сердечно-сосудистой системе. Известия РАН. Серия биологическая 2002; 3

19. Onda Т, Mashiko S, Hamano M et al. Enhancement of endothelium-dependent relaxation in the aorta from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats at developmental stages of hypertension. Clin Exp Pharm Physiol 1994; 2i: 857-863

20. Liischer TF. The endothelium in hypertension: bystander, target or mediator? J Hypertens1994; 12 [suppl 10]: S105-S116

21. Wever RMF, Liischer TF, Consentino F et al. Atherosclerosis and the two faces of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 1998; 97: 108-112

22. Muijsers RBR, Folkets G, Henricks PAJ et al. Peroxynitrite: a two-faced metabolite of nitric oxide. Life Sci 1997; 60: 1833-1845

23. Ванин АФ, Манухина ЕБ, Лапшин АВ, Меерсон ФЗ. Усиление синтеза оксида азота в стенке аорты при экспериментальном инфаркте миокарда. Бюл экспер биол 1993; 116(8): 142-144

24. Манухина ЕБ, Покидышев ДА, Маленюк ЕБ и др. Защитный эффект окиси азота при тепловом шоке. Известия РАН. Серия биологическая 1997; 1: 54-58

25. Стокле Ж-К, Мюлле Б, Андрианцитохайна Р, Клещев А. Гиперпродукция оксида азота в патофизиологии кровеносных сосудов. Биохимия 1998; 63 (7): 976-983

26. Star RA. Nitric oxide: Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference. Am J Med Soc 1993; 306: 348-355

27. Koch MA, Hasser EM, Schadt JC. Influence of nitric oxide on the hemodynamic response to hemorrhage in conscious rabbits. Am J Physiol 1995; 37: R171-R182

28. Mitsuhara H, Takeuchi H, Saitoh J et al. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester, attenuates hypotension but does not improve cardiac depression in anaphylaxis in dogs. Shock 1995; 3: 447-453

29. Arnal J-F, Dinh-Xuan A-T, Pueyo M et al. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide and vascular physiology. Cell Mol Life 1999; 55: 1078-1087

30. Abrahamsson Т, Brandt U, Marklund SL et al. Vascular bound recombinant extracellular superoxide dismutase type С protect against the detrimental effects of superoxide radicals on endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation. Circulat Res 1992; 70: 264-271

31. Pagano PJ, Tornheim K, Cohen RA. Superoxide anion production by the rabbit thoracic aorta: Effect of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: H707-H712

32. Cohen RA. The role of nitric oxide and other endothelium-derived vasoactive substances in vascular disease. Progr Cardio-Vasc Dis I995; 38: 105-128

33. Feliciano L, Henning RJ. Coronary artery blood flow: physiologic and pathophysiologic regulation. Clin Cardiol 1999; 22: 775-786

34. Galle J, Bauersachs J, Bassenge E, Busse R. Arterial size determines the enhancement of contractile responses after suppression of endothelium-derived relaxing factor formation. Pflugers Arch 1993; 422: 564-569

35. Lozano G, Pagliaro P, Gatullo D, Marsh NA. Control of coronary blood flow by endothelial release of nitric oxide. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1994; 21: 783-789

36. Levin ER. Endothelins. N Engl J Med 1995; 323: 356-363

37. Schwarz P, Diem R, Dun NJ, Forstermann U. Endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide inhibits norepinephrine release from rat heart synpathetic nerves. Circulat Res 1995; 77: 841-848

38. Hare J, Colluci WS. Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of myocardial function. Progr Cardiovasc Res 1995; 28: 155-166

39. Lewis MJ, Shah AM. Endothelial modulation of myocardial contraction. Endothelium 1994; 1: 237-243

40. Welch G, Loscalzo J. Nitric oxide and cardiovascular system. J Cardiovasc Surg1994; 9: 361-371

41. Jeremy JY, Rowe D, Emsley AM, Newby AC. Nitric oxide and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 43: 580-594

42. Han X, Shimoni Y, Giles WR. An obligatory role for nitric oxide in autonomic control of mammalian heart rate. J Physiol 1994; 476: 309-314

43. Minami N, Imai Y, Nishiyama H, Abe K. Role of nitric oxide in the development of vascular α1-adrenoreceptor desensitization and pressure diuresis in conscious rats. Hypertension 1997; 29: 969-975

44. Tolins IP, Raij R. Role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in hemodynamic response to acetylcholine in vivo. In: Nitric oxide from L-arginin: a bioregulatory system. Royal Society, London, 1989; 13

45. Thiemerman C, Vane J. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis reduces the hypotension induced by bacterial lypopolysaccharides in the rat in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 182: 591-595

46. Gardiner SM, Compton AM, Bennett T et al. Control of regional blood flow by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Hypertension 1990; 15: 486-492

47. Zatz R, Baylis С. Chronic nitric oxide inhibition model six years on. Hypertension 1998; 32: 958-964

48. Gerova M. Nitric oxide compromised hypertension: facts and enigmas. Physiol Res 2000; 49: 27-35

49. Baylis C, Mitruka В, Deng A. Chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in the rat produced systemic hypertension and glomerular damage. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 278-281

50. Chatziantoniou C, Boffa J, Ardaillou R, Dussaule J. Nitric oxide inhibition and early activation of type I collagen gene in renal resistance vessels and glomeruli in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 2780-2789

51. Sessa WC, Pritchard K, Seyedi N et al. Chronic exercise in dog increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Circulat Res 1994; 74: 349-353

52. Koller A, Kaley G. Shear stress dependent regulation of vascular resistance in health and disease: role of endothelium. Endothelium 1996; 4: 247-272

53. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM et al. Noninvasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 340: 1111-1115

54. Panza JA, Casino PR, Kilcoyne СМ, Quyyumi AA. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation of patients with essential hypertension. Circulation1993; 87: 1468-1474

55. Antony I, Lerebours G, Nitemberg A. Loss of flow-dependent coronary artery dilatation in patients with hypertension. Circulation 1995; 91: 1624-1628

56. Lind L, Sarabi M, Millgard J. Methodological aspects of the evaluation of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in the human forearm. Clin Physiol 1998; 18: 81-87

57. Egashira K, Suzuki S, Hirooka Y et al. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of large epicardial and resistance coronary arteries in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 25: 201-206

58. Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Brush JEJr, Epstein SE. Abnormal endothelium-dependent relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 22-27

59. Anderson WD, Klein JL, Manoukian SV. Coronary flow mediated dilation is preserved in hypertensive patients. J Am Coc Cardiol 1994; 23: 107A

60. Minor RI, Myers PR, Guerra R Jr et al. Diet-induced atherosclerosis increases the release of nitrogen oxides from rabbit aorta.J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 2109-2116

61. Drexler H, Zeiher AM, Meinzer K, Just H. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in coronary microcirculation of hyper-cholesterolemic patients by L-arginine. Lancet 1991; 338: 1546-1550

62. Cardillo C, Kilcoyne СМ, Quyyumi AA et al. Selective defect in nitric oxide synthesis may explain the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 1998; 97: 851-856

63. Rudic RD, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide in endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling: Clinical correlates and experimental links. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64: 673-677

64. Birnbaum Y, Fishbein MC, Luo H et al. Regional remodeling of atherosclerotic arteries: a major determinant of clinical manifestations of disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1149-1164

65. Nimaguchi K, Egashira K, Takemoto M et al. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis causes coronary microvascular remodeling in rats. Hypertension 1995; 26: 957-962

66. Luvara G, Pueyo M, Philippe M et al. Chronic blockade of NO synthase activity induces a proinflammatory phenotype in the arterial wall: prevention by angiotensin II antagonism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1408-1416

67. Godecke A, Decking UK, Ding Z et al. Coronary hemodynamics in endothelial NO synthase knockout mice. Circulat Res 1998; 82: 186-194

68. Huang PL, Huang Z, Mashimo H et al Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature 1995; 377: 239-242

69. Moroi M, Zhang L, Yasuda T et al. Interaction of genetic deficiency of endothelial nitric oxide, gender, and pregnancy in vascular response to injury in mice. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 1225-1232

70. Papapetropoulos A, Garcia-Cardena G, Madri JA, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide production contributes to the angiogenic properties of vascular endothelial growth factor in human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 3131-3139

71. Meeus F, Kourilsky O, Guerin AP et al. Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2000; 58 [suppl 76]: 140-146

72. Morris STW, McMurray JJV, Spiers A, Jardine AG. Impaired endothelial function in isolated human uremical resistance arteries. Kidney Int2001; 60(3): 1077-1081

73. Bennet-Richards KJ, Kattenhorn M, Donald AE et al. Oral L-arginine does not improve endothelial dysfunction in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2002; 62(4): 1372-1377

74. Yao Q, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P. Inflammation as a cause of malnutrition, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and poor outcome in hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis Int 2004; 8(2): 118-123

75. Tyralla K, Amann K. Morphology of the heart and arteries in renal failure. Kidney Int 2003; 63 [suppl] 84: 80-85

76. Kazuhiro S. Expression and regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. TCM 1997; 7(1): 28-37

77. Robert MF, Rabelink TJ. Atherosclerosis and two faces of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 1998; 97: 108-112

78. Шебеко ВИ, Родионов ЮЯ. Дисфункция эндотелия при гиперхолестеринемии и атеросклерозе. Мед Новости 1997; (11): 12-17

79. Holvoet P. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease. Ther Apheresis and Dialysis 1999; 3(4): 287-292

80. Galle J, Schneider R, Heinloth A et al. Lp(a) and LDL induce apoptosis in human endothelial cells and in rabbit aorta: role of oxidative stress. Kidney Int 1999; 55(4): 1450-1456

81. Heermeir K, Schneider R, Heinloth A et al. Oxidative stress mediates apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and oxidized lipoprotein(a). Kidney Int 1999; 56(4): 1310-1315

82. Ludmer PL, Selwyn AP, Shook TL et al. Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1046-1051

83. Britten MB, Zeiher AM, Schachinger V. Clinical importance of coronary endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and therapeutic options. J Intern Med 1999; 245(4): 315-321

84. Noon JP, Walker BR, Hand MF, Webb HD. Studies with iontophoretic administration of drugs to human dermal vessels in vivo: cholinergic vasodilatation is mediated by dilator prostanoids rather than nitric oxide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 45 (6): 545–551

85. Creager MA, Cooke JP, Mendelsohn MP et al. Impaired vasodilation of forearm resistance vessels in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 228-234

86. Lu Q, Eriksson M, Jogestrand T et al. Micro- and macrocirculatory effects of apheresis in patients with familial hyperlipidemia. Ther Apheresis and Dialysis 2003; 7(1): 115-120

87. Freiman PC, Mitchell GG, Heistad DD et al. Atherosclerosis impairs endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation to acetylcholine and thrombin in primates. Circ Res 1986; 58: 783-789

88. Harrison DG, Armstrong ML, Freiman PC et al. Restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation by dietary treatment of atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 1808-1811

89. Marchesi S, Lupattelli G, Siepi D et al. Oral L-arginine administration attenuates postprandial endothelial dysfunction in young healthy males. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001; 25(5): 343-349

90. Algotsson A. Serum lipids and lipoproteins are correlated to skin vessel reactivity in healthy women. J Interrn Med 1996; 239(2): 147-153

91. Harrison DG, Armstrong ML, Freiman PC et al. Restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation by dietary treatment of atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 1808-1811

92. Benzuly KH, Padgett RC, Kaul S et al. Functional improvement precedes structural regression of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1994; 89: 1810-1818

93. Srisawat S, Phivthong-Ingam L, Unchern S et al. Improvement of vascular function by chronic administration of a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Clin Exp Pharm Physiol 2003; 30 (5-6): 405-409

94. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad and the ugly. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: 1424-1437

95. Sand C, Peters SLM, Pfaffendorf M et al. Effects of hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide on cardiac autonomic receptors and vascular endothelial function. Clin Exp Pharm Physiol 2003; 30 (4): 249-255

96. Martinet W, De Meyer GRY, Herman AG, Kockx M. Reactive oxygen species induce RNA damage in human atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34(5): 323-329

97. Баранова ЕИ, Большакова ОО. Клиническое значение гипергомоцистеинемии. Артериальная гипертензия 2004; 10(1): 12-15

98. Malinow MR. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a common and easily reversible risk factor for occlusive atherosclerosis. Circulation 1990; 81: 2004-2006

99. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC et al. A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 1992; 268: 877-881

100. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Boston AG et al. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial catotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 286-291

101. Stampfer M, Malinow M. Can lowering homocysteine levels reduce cardiovascular risk? N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 328-329

102. Graham M, Daly L, Refsum H et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: the European concerted action project. JAMA 1997; 277(22): 1775-1781

103. Tawacol A, Omland T, Gerhard M et al. Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is associated with impaired endothelium dependent vasodilation in humans. Circulation 1997; 95: 1119-1121

104. Welch G, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherosclerosis. New Engl J Med 1998; 338(15): 1042-1050

105. Wang XL, Duarte N, Cai H et al. Relationship between total plasma homocysteine, polymorphisms of homocysteine metabolism related enzymes, risk factors and coronary artery disease in the Australian hospital-based population. Atherosclerosis 1999; 146: 133-140

106. Harker LA, Ross R, Slichter SJ, Scott CR. Homocysteine-induced arteriosclerosis: the role of endothelial injury and platelet response in its genesis. J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 731-741

107. Stamler JS, Osborne JA, Jaraki O et al. Adverse vascular effects of homocysteine are modulated by endothelial derived relaxing factor and related oxide of nitrogen. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 308-318

108. Van den Berg M, Boers GH, Franken DG et al. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and endothelial dysfunction in young patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Eur J Clin Invest 1995; 25: 176-181

109. Lentz SR, Sobey CG, Piegors DJ et al. Vascular dysfunction in monkeys with diet induced hyperhomocysteinemia. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 24-29

110. Woo KS, Chook P, Lolin YI et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for arterial endothelial dysfunction in humans. Circulation 1997; 96: 2542-2544

111. Lambert J, van den Berg M, Steyn M et al. Familial hyperhomocysteinaemia and endothelium-dependent vasodilation and arterial distensibility of large arteries. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 42: 743-751

112. Шевченко ОП, Олефриенко ГА. Гипергомоцистеинемия и ее клиническое значение. Лаборатория 2002; (1): 3-7

113. Malinow MR. Homocyst(e)ine and arterial occlusive diseases. J Intern Med 1994; 236: 603-617

114. Berwanger CL, Jeremy JY, Stansby GD. Homocysteine and vascular disease. Br J Surg 1995; 82: 726-731

115. Celermajer DS, Sorenson KE, Ryalls M et al. Impaired endothelial function occurs in the systemic arteries of children with homozygous homocysteinuria but not in their heterozygous parents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 854-858

116. Upchurch GR, Welch G, Fabian A et al. Stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide production by homocysteine. Atherosclerosis 1997; 132: 177-185

117. Demuth K, Atger V, Borderie D et al. Homocysteine decreases endothelin-1 production by cultured human endothelial cells. Eur J Biochem 1999; 263(2): 367-372

118. Emsley AM, Jeremy JY, Gomes GN et al. Investigation of the inhibitory effects of homocysteine and copper on nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of rat isolated aorta. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 126: 1034-1040

119. Zhang X, Li H, Jin H et al. Effects of homocysteine on endothelial nitric oxide production. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 279: 671-678

120. Weiss N, Heydrick SJ, Postea O et al. Influence of hyperhomocysteinemia on the cellular redox state – impact on homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41: 1455-1461

121. Loscalzo J. The oxidant stress of hyperhomocysteinemia. J Clin Invest 1996; 98(1): 5-7

122. Jia L, Furchgott RF. Inhibition by sulph-hydryl compounds of vascular relaxation induced by nitric oxide and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 267: 371-378

123. Emsley A, Plane F, Angelini GD, Jeremy JY. Copper interacts with homocysteine to inhibit nitric oxide formation in the rat isolated aorta. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122: 47-53

124. Glyglewski RJ, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Superoxide anion plays a role in the breakdown of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1986; 320: 454-456

125. Rubanyi GM, Vanhoutte PM. Superoxide anions and hyperoxia inactivate endothelium-derived relaxing factors. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: H822-H827

126. McAninly J, Williams DLH, Askew SC et al. Metal-ion catalysis in nitrosothiol (RSNO) decomposition. J Chem Soc Commun 1993; 23: 1758-1759

127. Starkebaum G, Harlan JM. Endothelial cell injury due to copper-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide generation from homocysteine. J Clin Invest 1986; 77: 1370-1376

128. Heinecke JW, Rosen H, Suzuki LA, Chait A. The role of sulfur-containing amino acids in superoxide production and modification of low-density lipoprotein by arterial smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 10098-10103

129. Upchurch GR, Welch GN, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine, EDRF and endothelial function. J Nutr 1996; 126: 1290S-1294S

130. Welch G, Upchurch G, Loscalzo J. Hyperhomocysteinemia and atherothrombosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 811: 48-58

131. Coppola A, Davi G, De Stefano V et al. Homocysteine, coagulation, platelet function, and thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2000; 26: 243-254

132. Fu W, Dudman N, Perry M, Wang H. Homocysteinemia attenuates hemodynamic responses to nitric oxide in vivo. Atherosclerosis 2002; 161(1): 169-176

133. Perna AF, Ingrosso D, Lombardi C et al. Possible mechanisms of homocysteine toxicity. Kidney Int 2003; 63 [suppl 84]: S137-S140

134. Hucks D, Thuraisingam RC, Raftery MJ, Yaqoob MM. Homocysteine induced impairment of nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation is reversible by the superoxide dismutase mimetic TEMPOL. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19(8): 1999-2005

135. Boaz M, Smetana S, Weinstein T et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular in end stage renal disease (SPACE): randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 1213-1218

136. Tepel M, van der Giet M, Statz M et al. The antioxidant acetylcysteine reduces cardiovascular events in patients with end stage renal failure. Circulation 2003; 107: 992-994

137. Drunat S, Moati N, Paul JL. Homocysteine-induced decrease in endothelin-1 production is initiated at extracellular level and involves oxidative products. Eur J Biochem 2001; 268 (20): 5287-5291

138. Pathasarathy S. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein by thiol compounds leads to its recognition by acetyl LDL receptor. Biochem Biophys Acta 1987; 917: 337-340

139. Chin JH, Azhar S, Hoffman BB. Inactivation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor by oxidized lipoproteins. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 10-18

140. Blom HJ. Lipid peroxidation and susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to in vitro oxidation in hyperhomocysteinemia. Eur J Clin Invest 1995; 25: 149-154

141. Liao JK, Shin WS, Lee WY, Clark SL. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 1995; 27: 319-324

142. Tawacol A, Forgione M, Stueblinger M et al. Homocysteine impairs coronary microvascular dilator function in humans. JACC 2002; 40(6): 1051-1058

143. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Pin R et al. Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(22): 1593-1600

144. Van Dijk RA, Rauwerda JA, Steyn M et al. Long-term homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus pyridoxine is associated with decreased blood pressure but not with improved brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation or carotid artery stiffness: a 2-year, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2001; 21: 2072-2079

145. Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 565-575

146. Wrone EM, Hornberger JM, Zehnder J et al. Randomized trial of folic acid for prevention of cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 420-426

147. Van Guldener C, Janssen MJ, Lambert J et al. No change in impaired endothelial function after long-term folic acid therapy of hyperhomocysteinaemia in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 106-112

148. Austen SK, Coombes JS, Fassett RG. Homocysteine-lowering therapy in renal disease. Clin Nephrol 2003; 60: 375-385

149. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A et al. Endogenous dimethylarginine as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20 [suppl 12]: S60-S62

150. Fickling SA, Leone AM, Nussey SS et al. Synthesis of NG, Ng dimethylarginine by human endothelial cells. Endothelium 1993; 1: 137–140

151. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Tsao PS et al. The endogenous NO synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) exerts pro-atherosclerotic effects in cultural human endothelial cells. Circulation 1997; 96; [suppl 1]: 1588

152. Bode-Boger SM, Boger RH, Kieke S et al. Elevated L-arginine/dimethylarginine ratio contributes to enhanced systemic NO production by dietary L-arginine in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 219: 598-603

153. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Phivthong-Ingam L et al. Dietary L-arginine slows the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits: comparison with lovastatin. Circulation 1997; 96: 1282-1290

154. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Thiele W et al. Biochemical evidence for impaired nitric oxide synthesis in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive. Circulation 1997; 95: 2068-2074

155. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Szuba A et al. Asymmetric dimethylarginine: a novel risk factor for endothelial dysfunction: its role in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1998; 98: 1842-1847

156. Malinow MR. Homocyst(e)ine and arterial occlusive diseases. J Intern Med 1994; 236: 603-617

157. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Sydow K et al. Plasma concentration of asymmetric dymethylarginine, an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, is elevated in monkeys with hyperhomocyst(e)inemia or hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000: 20; 1557-1561

158. Hornig B, Bode-Boger SM, Arakawa N et al. Lack of improvement of homocyst(e)ine-induced endothelial dysfunction during supplementation with B vitamins in patients with arterial occlusive disease. Circulation 1999; 100 [suppl 1]: 757

159. Zoccali C, Mallamaci LS, Maas R et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac remodeling and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62(1): 339-345

160. Fliser D, Kielstein JT, Haller H, Bode-Boger SM. Asymmetric dimethylarginine: A cardiovascular risk factor in renal disease? Kidney Int 2003; 63 [suppl 84]: 37-43

161. Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G. Traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2003; 63 [suppl 85]: 105-111

162. Suliman ME, Stenvinkel P, Heimburger O et al. Plasma sulfur amino acids in relation to cardiovascular disease, nutritional status, and diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic renal failure at start of dialysis therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40: 480-488

163. Faraci FM, Orgren K, Heistad DD. Impaired relaxation of the carotid artery during activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in atherosclerotic monkeys. Stroke 1994; 25: 178-182

164. Tsai JC, Perrella MA, Yoshizumi M et al. Promotion of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by homocysteine: a link to atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 6369-6373

165. Tang L, Mamotte CD, van Bockxmeer FM, Taylor RR. The effect homocysteine on DNA synthesis in cultured human vascular smooth muscle. Atherosclerosis 1998; 136: 169-173

166. Hansrani M, Gillespie J, Stransby G. Homocyseine in myointimal hyperplasia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 23: 3-10

167. Majors A, Ehrhart LA, Pezacka EH. Homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: enhanced collagen production and accumulation by smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 2074-2081

168. Noris M, Remuzzi G. Physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in chronic renal disease. Proc Assoc Am Phys 1999; 111(6): 602-608

169. Benchetrit S, Green J, Katz D et al. Early endothelial dysfunction following renal mass reduction in rats. Eur J Clin Invest 2003; 33(1): 26-31

170. Asahi K, Ichimori K, Nakazawa H et al. Nitric oxide inhibits the formation of advanced end products. Kidney Int 2000; 58(4): 1780-1785

171. Stenvinkel P, Alvestrand A. Review Articles Inflammation in end-stage renal disease: sources, consequences and therapy. Semin Dialysis 2002; 15(5): 329-335

172. Ребров АП, Зелепукина НЮ. Дисфункция эндотелия у больных хроническим гломерулонефритом в различных стадиях почечной недостаточности. Нефрология и диализ 2001; 3(4): 39-46

173. Watts GF, Herrmann S, Dogra GK et al. Vascular function of the peripheral circulation in patients with nephrosis. Kidney Int 2001; 60(1): 182-187

174. Dogra GK, Watts GF, Herrmann S et al. Statin therapy improves brachial artery endothelial function in nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2002; 62 (2): 550-556

175. Hausberg M, Kisters K, Kosch M et al. Flow-mediated vasodilation and distensibility of the brachial artery in renal allograft recipients. Kidney Int 1999; 55(3):1104-1109

176. Asberg A, Holdaas H, Jardine AG et al. Fluvastatin reduces atherogenic lipids without any effect on native endothelial function early after kidney transplantation. Clin Transplantation 2003; 17(4): 385-391

177. Paisley KE, Beaman M, Tooke JE et al. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in asymptomatic proteinuria. Kidney Int 2003; 63(2): 624-631

178. Hand MF, Haynes WG, Webb DJ. Hemodialysis and L-arginine, but not D-arginine, correct renal failure-associated endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Int 1998; 53(4): 1068-1073

179. London GM, Pannier B, Agharazii M et al. Forearm reactive hyperemia and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int2004; 65(2): 700-705

180. Pannier B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ et al. Postischemic vasodilation, endothelial activation, and cardiovascular remodeling in end stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2000; 57(3): 1091-1097

181. Wang D, Iversen J, Wilcox CS, Strandgaard S. Endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide in resistance arteries in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2003; 64(4): 1381-1386

182. Al-Nimri MA, Komers R, Oyama TT et al. Endothelial-derived vasoactive mediators in polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2003; 63(5):1776-1782

183. Oflaz H, Turkmen A, Kazancioglu R et al. The effect of calcineurin inhibitors on endothelial function in renal transplant recipients. Clin Tranplantation 2003; 17(3): 212-217

184. Annuk M, Zilmer M, Fellstrom B. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation and oxidative stress in chronic renal failure: Impact on cardiovascular disease. Kidney Int 2003; 63 [suppl 84]: 50-54