Creatinin in the modern evaluation of the kidneys functional condition (literature review and own data)
https://doi.org/10.36485/1561-6274-2020-24-4-21-36
Abstract
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a recognized indicator of the functional status of the kidneys. In medical practice, there are various approaches for measuring GFR. However, despite the nearly 100-year history, not all methodological problems of evaluating GFR in clinical practice have been solved. The most physiologically justified (“reference”) methods are not acceptable in routine practice because of the complexity and high cost. Therefore, clinicians have to rely mainly on the results of surrogate methods, most of which use endogenous creatinine as a glomerulotropic test agent. Therefore, the accuracy of determining the concentration of this metabolite in biological media (especially in serum) is often crucially determined by the reliability of the GFR assessment. Manufacturers of creatinine reagent kits should take into account current requirements for accuracy and traceability of measurement results and ensure that their products comply with international standards.
About the Authors
I. G. Kayukov
Institute of Nephrology Scientific and Clinical Research Center of The First Pavlov State Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Prof. Ivan G. Kayukov, MD, PhD, DMedSci
197022, Leo Tolstoy st. 17, build 54
Phone: 8(981)8153949
O. V. Galkina
Institute of Nephrology Scientific and Clinical Research Center of The First Pavlov State Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Olga V. Galkina, PhD in Biology, Center Laboratory of Biochemical Homeostasis, Head
197022, Leo Tolstoy st. 17, build 54
Phone: (812)3386901
E. I. Timshina
Limited Liability Company «Scientific and Production Firm «ABRIS+»
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Eugenia I. Timshina, Biochemistry technologist
196006, Tsvetochnaya st. 16,
Phone: 8(921)4019054
I. M. Zubina
Institute of Nephrology Scientific and Clinical Research Center of The First Pavlov State Medical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Irina M. Zubina, PhD in Biology, Clinical Research Center Laboratory of Biochemical Homeostasis
197022, Leo Tolstoy st. 17, build54
Phone: (812)3386901
A. U. Miheeva
Chemical Analytical Center «Arbitrage» of The D.I. Mendeleev All-Russian Institute for Metrology
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Alena U. Miheeva, PhD in Chemistry, Leading researcher, Research department of state standards in the fi eld of organic and inorganic analysis.
196006, Moskovsky pr. 19,
Phone: 8(911)2507022
G. M. Berdichevsky
Chemical Analytical Center «Arbitrage» of The D.I. Mendeleev All-Russian Institute for Metrology
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Grigory M. Berdichevsky, Engineer 2nd category, Research department of state standards in the fi eld of organic and inorganic analysis
196006, Moskovsky pr. 19
Phone: 8(812)2517601
References
1. Bikbov B, Perico N, Remuzzi G. Disparities in chronic kidney disease prevalence among males and females in 195 countries: analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Nephron 2018;139(4):313–318. doi: 10.1159/000489897
2. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016;388(10053):1459–1544. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736- (16)31012-1
3. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014;385(9963):117–171. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736- (14)61682-2
4. Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2013;3:S6–308
5. Nosek T. Essentials of human physiology. Glomerular filtration rate. Gold Standard Multimedia Incorporated. 1998; Section 7, ch 4, p11
6. Perrone RD, Steinmen TI, Beck GJ et al. Utility of radioisotopic filtration markers in chronic renal insufficiency: simultaneous comparison of 125I-iothalamate, 169Yb-DTPA, 99mTc-DTPA, and inulin. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 1990;16:224–235
7. Levey AS, Greene T, Schluchter MD et al. Glomerular filtration rate measurements in clinical trials. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group and the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993;4:1159–1171
8. Israelit AH, Long DL, White UG, Hall AR. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate utilizing a single subcutaneous injection of 125I-sodium iothalamate. Kidney Int 1973;4:345–349
9. Van Slyke D, Dole V. The Significance of the urea clearance. J Clin Pathol 1949;2(4):273–274
10. Rehberg PB. Studies on kidney function: the rate of filtration and reabsorption in the human kidney. Biochem J 1926;20(3):447–460
11. Тареев ЕМ, Ратнер НА. Клиническая ценность креатининовой пробы Реберга. Тер архив 1935;(4):684–687 Tareev EM, Ratner NA. The clinical value of a Reberg creatinine test. Ther Arkhiv 1935;(4):684–687 (In Russ.)
12. Du Bois D, Du Bois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Archives of Internal Medicine 1916;17(6):863–871
13. Verbraecken J, Van de Heyning P, De Backer W, Van Gaal L. Body surface area in normal-weight, overweight, and obese adults. A comparison study. Metabolism – clinical and experimental 2006;55(4):515–524. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.11.004
14. Mosteller RD. Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med 1987;317(17):1098
15. Sparreboom A, Verweij J. Paclitaxel pharmacokinetics, threshold models, and dosing strategies. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(14):2803–2804. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2003.99.038
16. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:S1–S246
17. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16:31–41
18. Shemesh O, Golbety H, Kriss JP, Myers BD. Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients. Kidney Int 1985;28:830–838
19. Perrone RD, Madias NE, Levey AS. Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old concepts. Clin Chem 1992;38(10):1933–1953
20. Kassirer JP. Clinical evaluation of kidney function – glomerular function. N Engl J Med 1971;285(7):385–389
21. Waikar SS, Bonventre JV. Creatinine kinetics and the definition of acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20(3):672–679. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008070669
22. Смирнов АВ, Каюков ИГ, Дегтерева ОА и др. Проблемы диагностики и стратификации тяжести острого повреждения почек. Нефрология 2009;13(3):9–18 Smirnov AV, Kayukov IG, Degtereva OA et al. Problems of diagnostic and stratification of severity of acute kidney injury. Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg) 2009;13(3):9–18 (In Russ.)
23. Schaeffner E. Determining the glomerular filtration rate – an overview. J Ren Nutr 2017;27(6):375–380. doi: 10.1053/j. jrn.2017.07.005
24. Alaini A, Malhotra D, Rondon-Berrios H et al. Establishing the presence or absence of chronic kidney disease: Uses and limitations of formulas estimating the glomerular filtration rate. World J Methodol 2017;7(3):73–92. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v7.i3.73
25. Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Pottel H. Serum creatinine: not so simple! Nephron 2017;136:302–308. doi: 10.1159/000469669
26. Stevens LA, Levey AS. Clinical implications for estimating equations for GFR. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:959–961
27. Gault MH, Longerich LL, Harnett JD, Wesolowski C. Predicting glomerular function from adjusted serum creatinine. Nephron 1992;62(3):249–256
28. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:461–470
29. Poggio ED, Wang X, Greene T et al. Performance of the modification of diet in renal disease and Cockcroft-Gault equations in the estimation of GFR in health and in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:459–466. doi: 10.1681/ ASN.2004060447
30. Poggio ED, Nef PC, Wang X et al. Performance of the Cockcroft-Gault and modification of diet in renal disease equations in estimating GFR in ill hospitalized patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:242–252. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.04.023
31. Myers GL, Miller WG, Coresh J et al. Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: A report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program. Clin Chem 2006;52:5–18. doi: 10.1373/ clinchem.2005.0525144
32. Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Greene T et al. Comparative performance of the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equations for estimating GFR levels above 60 ml/min/1.73m2. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;56:486–495. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.03.026
33. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:604– 612
34. Matsushita K, Selvin E, Bash LD et al. Risk implications of the new CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation compared with the MDRD Study equation for estimated GFR: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;55(4):648–659. doi: 10.1053/j. ajkd.2009.12.016
35. Grubb AO. Cystatin C – properties and use as diagnostic marker. Adv Clin Chem 2000;35:63–99
36. Laterza O, Price C, Scott M. Cystatin C: an improved estimator of glomerular filtration rate? Clin Chem 2002;48:699– 707
37. Roos JF, Doust J, Tett SE, Kirkpatrick CM. Diagnostic accuracy of cystatin C compared to serum creatinine for the estimation of renal dysfunction in adults and children – a metaanalysis. Clin. Biochem 2007;40(5-6): 383–391. doi: 10.1016/j. clinbiochem.2006.10.026
38. Dharnidharka VR, Kwon C, Stevens G. Serum cystatin C is superior to serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function: a meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40(2):221–226. doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.34487
39. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Schmid CH et al. Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3,418 individuals with CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis 2008;51(3):395–406. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.018
40. Beetham KS, Howden EJ, Isbel NM, Coombes JS. Agreement between cystatin-C and creatinine based eGFR estimates after a 12-month exercise intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2018;19:366. doi: 10.1186/s12882- 018-1146-4
41. Inker LA, Eckfeldt J, Levey AS et al. Expressing the CKDEPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) cystatin C equations for estimating GFR with standardized serum cystatin C values. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;58:682–684. doi: 10.1053/j. ajkd.2011.05.019
42. Delanaye P, Mariat C, Cavalier E, Krzesinski JM. Errors induced by indexing glomerular filtration rate for body surface area: reductio ad absurdum. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(12):3593– 3596. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfp431
43. Agati VD, Chagnac A, de Vries AP et al. Obesityrelated glomerulopathy: clinical and pathologic characteristics and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016;12(8):453–471. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.75
44. Von Scholten BJ, Persson F, Svane MS et al. Effect of large weight reductions on measured and estimated kidney function. BMC Nephrol 2017;18(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s12882-017-0474-0
45. The National Kidney Foundation [сайт]: GFR Calculator. 2019. URL: https://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/gfr_calculator (дата обращения 08.05.2019)
46. Саганова ЕС, Галкина ОВ, Левыкина ЕН. Экскретируемая фракция магния в диагностике гломерулосклероза. Ремедиум Приволжье 2017;8(158):24 Saganova ES, Galkina OV, Levykina EN. Magnesium fraction excretion in the diagnosis of glomerulosclerosis. Remedium Privolzh'ye 2017;8(158):24 (In Russ.)
47. Schaeffner ES, Ebert N, Delanaye P et al. Two novel equations to estimate kidney function in persons aged 70 years or older. Ann Intern Med 2012;157(7):471–481. doi: 10.7326/0003- 4819-157-7-201210020-00003
48. Pottel H, Hoste L, Dubourg L et al. An estimated glomerular filtration rate equation for the full age spectrum. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016;31(5):798–806. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfv454
49. Pottel H, Vrydags N, Mahieu B et al. Establishing age/ sex related serum creatinine reference intervals from hospital laboratory data based on different statistical methods. Clin Chim Acta 2008;396:49–55. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.06.017
50. Pottel H, Hoste L, Martens F. A simple height-independent equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2012;27:973–979. doi: 10.1007/s00467-011-2081-9
51. Hoste L, Dubourg L, Selistre L et al. A new equation to estimate the glomerular filtration rate in children, adolescents and young adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:1082–1091. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft277
52. ГОСТ Р ИСО 5725-1-2002. Точность (правильность и прецизионность) методов и результатов измерений. Часть 1. Основные положения и определения GOST R ISO 5725-1-2002. Accuracy (accuracy and precision) of measurement methods and results. Part 1. The main provisions and definitions (In Russ.)
53. Jaffe M. Uber den niederschlag welchen pikrinsa¨ure in normalem harn erzeugt und ueber eine neue reaction des kreatinins. Z Physiol Chem 1886;10:391–400
54. Shaffer P. Otto Folin (1867–1934). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 1952;27:47–82
55. Folin O. Lab Manual of Biological Chemistry. D. Appleton and Co, New York, 1916; 171–173
56. Osberg IM, Hammond KB. A solution to the problem of bilirubin interference with the kinetic Jaffe´ method for serum creatinine. Clin Chem 1978;24:1196–1197
57. Gerard SK, Khayam-Bashi H. Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients: a prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic method. Am J Clin Pathol 1985;84:659–664
58. Young DS. Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Association for Clinical Chemistry Press, 1995;3:190–208
59. Kulkarni S, Wilson AP, Gruneberg RN et al. Interference of cefpirome with the measurement of plasma creatinine. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991;28:617–619
60. Guix P, Parera M, Fuentespina E et al. Study of the interference of haemolysis in the determination of creatinine in the Technicon DAX-72 (Bayer). Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997;35:115–116
61. Siest G, Appel W, Blijenberg GB et al. Drug interference in clinical chemistry: studies on ascorbic acid. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1978;16:103–110
62. Mali B, Nicholas PC. Jaffe´s reaction for creatinine: kinetic study and spectrophotometric characteristics of the product of the reactions of creatinine, acetoacetate and creatinine and acetoacetate with alkaline picrate. Biochem Soc Trans 1988;16:549–550
63. Peake M, Whiting M. Measurement of serum creatinine – current status and future goals. Clin Biochem 2006;27:173–184
64. Cook JG. Factors influencing the assay of creatinine. Ann Clin Biochem 1975;12:219–232
65. Bowers LD, Wong ET. Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and review. Clin Chem 1980;26:555–561
66. Pardue HL, Bacon BL, Groeger Nevius M, Skoug JW. Kinetic study of the Jaffe reaction for quantifying creatinine in serum: 1. Alkalinity controlled with NaOH. Clin Chem 1987;33:278–285
67. Chasson AL, Grady HJ, Stanley MA. Determination of creatinine by means of automatic analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 1961;35:83–88
68. Boot S, LaRoche N, Legg EF. Elimination of bilirubin interference in creatinine assays by routine techniques: comparisons with a high performance liquid chromatography method. Ann Clin Biochem 1994;31:262–266
69. Welch MJ, Cohen A, Hertz HS et al. Determination of serum creatinine by isotope dilution mass spectrometry as a candidate definitive method. Anal Chem 1986;58:1681–1685
70. Lawson N, Lang T, Broughton A et al. Creatinine assays: time for action? Ann Clin Biochem 2002;39:599–602. doi: 10.1177/000456320203900609
71. Lamb EJ, Wood J, Stowe HJ et al. Susceptibility of glomerular filtration rate estimations to variations in creatinine methodology: a study in older patients. Ann Clin Biochem 2005;42:11–18. doi: 10.1258/0004563053026899
72. Khatami Z, Dey D, Handley G et al. In the name of traceability. Author’s reply. Ann Clin Biochem 2005;42:162–163
73. Klee GG, Schryver PG, Saenger AK, Larson TS. Effects of analytic variations in creatinine measurements on the classification of renal disease using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:737–741. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2007.168
74. Moss GA, Bondar RL, Buzzelli DM. Kinetic enzymatic method for determining serum creatinine. Clin Chem 1975;21:1422–1426
75. Tanganelli E, Prencipe L, Bassi D et al. Enzymatic assay of creatinine in serum and urine with creatinine iminohydrolase and glutamate dehydrogenase. Clin Chem 1982;28:1461–1464
76. Boyne P, Robinson BA, Murphy P, McKay M. Enzymatic correction of interference in the kinetic Jaffe reaction for determining creatinine in plasma. Clin Chem 1985;31:1564–1565
77. Schmidt RL, Straseski JA, Raphael KL et al. A risk assessment of the Jaffe vs enzymatic method for creatinine measurement in an outpatient population. PloS one. 2015;10(11):e0143205. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143205
78. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures [сайт]: Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory medicine Database. 2019. URL: https://www.bipm.org/jctlm/fillFormulaire.do?nice_border=1 (дата обращения 08.05.2019)
79. National Institute of Standards and Technology [электронный ресурс]: Standards Reference Materials. 2019. URL: https://www-s.nist.gov/srmors/certificates/914A.pdf (дата обращения 08.05.2019)
80. Convention CIPM MRA, 14.10.1999. Mutual recognition of national measurement standards and of calibration and measurement certificates issued by national metrology institutes (In Russ.)
81. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures [электронный ресурс]: Determination of Glucose in Human Serum and Determination of Creatinine in Human Serum. Final Report April 2018. URL: https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/QM/K11/CCQM-K11.2_and_12.2.pdf (дата обращения 08.05.2019)
82. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures [электронный ресурс]: Determination of Total Cholesterol in Human Serum. Final Report. April 2018. URL: https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/QM/K6/CCQM-K6.2.pdf (дата обращения 08.05.2019)
83. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures [электронный ресурс]: High Polarity Analytes in Biological Matrix: Determination of Urea and Uric Acid in Human Serum. Final Report. July 2018. URL: https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/QM/K109/CCQM-K109.pdf (дата обращения 08.05.2019)
84. Biljak VR, Honovi_c L, Matica J et al. The role of laboratory testing in detection and classification of chronic kidney disease:national recommendations. Biochem Med 2017;27(1):153–176
85. W. Greg Miller and Graham R. D. Jones. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; Laboratory Implementation and Current Global Status. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2018;25(1):7–13
Review
For citations:
Kayukov I.G., Galkina O.V., Timshina E.I., Zubina I.M., Miheeva A.U., Berdichevsky G.M. Creatinin in the modern evaluation of the kidneys functional condition (literature review and own data). Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg). 2020;24(4):21-36. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.36485/1561-6274-2020-24-4-21-36
Views:
1490
Email this article 