RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NEPHROLOGY OF ST.PETERSBURG MEDICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER I.P.PAVLOV: DEFINITION, CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSTICS AND MAIN TRENDS OF PROPHYLACTICS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN ADULTS

chronic kidney disease, determination, classification, diagnostics, prophylactics, treatment

1. Смирнов АВ, Есаян АМ, Каюков ИГ. Хроническая болезнь почек: на пути к единству представлений. Нефрология 2002; 6(4): 11-17

2. Смирнов АВ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ и др. Превентивный подход в современной нефрологии. Нефрология 2004; 8(3): 7-14

3. National Kidney Foundation KD: Clinical practice guidelines for chronic Kidney disease: Evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis2002; 39 [Suppl 1]: S1-S266

4. European Best Practice Guidelines, Expert Group on Hemodialysis, European Renal Association. Section I. Measurement of renal function, when to refer and when to start dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant2002; 17 [suppl 7]: 7-15

5. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int2005; 67(6): 2089-20100

6. Majunath G, Tighionart H, Ibrahim H et al. Level of kidney function as a risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 47-55

7. Henry RM, Kostense PJ, Bos G et al. Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: the Hoorn Study. Kidney Int2002; 62: 1402-1407

8. Nitsch D, Dietrich DF, von Eckardstein A et al. Prevalence of renal impairment and its association with cardiovascular risk factors in a general population: results of the Swiss SAPALDIA study. Nephrol Dial Transplant2006; 21(4): 935-944

9. Segura J, Campo C, Ruilope LM. Effect of proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate on cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Kidney Int2004; [Suppl 92]:S45-9. 2004

10. Mann JFE. Cardiovascular risk in patients with mild renal insufficiency: implication for the use of ACE inhibitors. La Presse Medicale2005; 34(18): 1303-1308

11. Myllymaki J, Syrjanen J, Helin H et al.Vascular diseases and their risk factors in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant2006; 21(7):1876-1882

12. Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ. Кардиоренальный континуум: патогенетические основы превентивной нефрологии. Нефрология 2005; 9(3): 7-15

13. Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ и др. Эпидемиология и социально-экономические аспекты хронической болезни почек. Нефрология2006; 10(1): 7-13

14. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(13):1296-305

15. Glynn LG, Reddan D, Newell J et al. Chronic kidney disease and mortality and morbidity among patients with established cardiovascular disease: a West of Ireland community-based cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22(9): 2586-2594

16. Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ. Хроническая болезнь почек: дальнейшее развитие концепции и классификации. Нефрология 2007; 11(4): 7-17

17. Stuveling EM, Bakker SJ, Hilige HX et al. Biochemical risk markers: a novel area for better prediction of renal risk? Nephrol Dial Transplant2005; 20: 497-508

18. Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА, Бодур-Ооржак АШ и др. Эпидемиология и факторы риска хронических болезней почек: региональный уровень общей проблемы. Тер арх 2005; 77(6): 20-27

19. Halimi JM, Forhan A, Balkan B et al. Ig microalbuminuria an integrated risk marker for cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance in both men and women? J Cardiovasc Risk 2001; 8: 139-146

20. Orth SR. Smoking and the kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1663-1672

21. Borch-Johnsen K, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S et al. Urinary albumin excretion: an independent preditor of ischemic heart disease. Thromb Vasc Biol1999;19:1992-1997

22. Schmieder RE, Schrader J, Zidek W et al. Low-grade albuminuria and cardiovascular risk: what is the evidence? Clin Res Cardiol2007; 96(5): 247-257

23. Klausen KP, Scharling H, Jensen G, Jensen JS. New definition of microalbuminuria in hypertensive subjects: association with incident coronary heart disease and death. Hypertension2005; 46(1): 33-37

24. Brantsma AH, Bakker SJ, Hillege HL et al. Urinary albumin excretion and its relation with C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome in the prediction of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care2005; 28(10): 2525-2530

25. Forman JP, Brenner BM. «Hypertension» and «microalbuminuria»: The bell tolls for thee. Kidney Int2006; 69: 22-28

26. Saweirs WWM, Goddard J. What are the best treatment for early chronic disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant2007; 22 [Suppl 9]: ix31-ix39

27. Hunsicker LG, Adler S, Caggiula A, England BK, Greene T, Kusek JW, Rogers NL, Teschan PE. Predictors of the progression of renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int1997; 51: 1908-1919

28. Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti, P, Benigni A. Understanding the nature of renal disease progression. Kidney Int1997; 51: 2-15

29. Rossing P, Hommel E, Smidt U, Parving H. Reduction in albuminuria predicts a beneficial effect on diminishing the progression of human diabetic nephropathy during antihypertensive treatment. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 511-516

30. Locatelli F, Del Vecchio L, D’Amico M, Andrulli S. Is it the agent or the blood pressure level that matters for renal protection in chronic nephropathies? J Am Soc Nephrol2002; 13[Suppl 3]: S196–S201

31. Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Yi QL et al. HOPE Investigators: Progression of renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes with and without microalbuminuria: Results of the Heart Outcomes and Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) randomized study. Am J Kidney Dis2003; 42: 936-942

32. Verhave JC, Hillege HL, Burgerhof JG, Gansevoort RT, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE; PREVEND Study Group. The association between atherosclerotic risk factors and renal function in the general population. Kidney Int2005; 67: 1967-1973

33. Lewis E, Hunsicker L, Clarke W et al. Collaborative Study Group: Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med2001; 345: 851-860

34. Brenner B, Cooper M, de Zeeuw D et al. RENAAL Study Investigators: Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med2001; 345: 861-869

35. Stevens LA, Greene T, Levey AS. Surrogate end points for clinical trials of kidney disease progression. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol2006; 1(4): 874-884

36. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron1976;16(1): 31-41

37. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine; a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med1999;130(8): 461-470

38. Levey AS, Greene T, Kusek JW, Beck GJ. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol2000; 11: A0828

39. Rodger RSC, Williams B. Consensus conference on early chronic kidney disease. Foreword. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22 [suppl 9]: ix:1

40. Мухин НА, Балкаров ИМ, Моисеев ВС и др. Хронические прогрессирующие нефропатии и образ жизни современного человека. Тер арх2004; 76(9): 5-10

41. Chi-Yuan Hsu, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Shlipac MG. Racial differences in the progression from chronic renal insufficiency to end-stage renal disease in the United State. J Am Soc Nephrol2003; 14: 2902-2907

42. McClellan WM, Flanders WD. Risk factors for progressive chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol2003; 14: S65-S70

43. Мухин НА, Моисеев ВС, Кобалава ЖД и др. Кардиоренальные взаимодействия: клиническое значение и роль в патогенезе заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы и почек. Тер арх2004; (6):39-46

44. Есаян АМ. Тканевая ренин-ангиотензиновая система почки. Новая стратегия нефропротекции. Нефрология 2002; 6(3): 8-16

45. Добронравов ВА. Эпидемиология диабетической нефропатии: общие и региональные проблемы. Нефрология 2002; 6(1):16-22

46. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329(14):977-986

47. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352 (9131): 837-853

48. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995; 28(2): 103-117

49. Perera GA. Hypertensive vascular disease: description and natural history. J Chron Dis1955; 1: 33-42

50. Ruelope ZM, Salvetti A, Jamerson K et al. Renal function and intensive lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive participants of the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) study. J Am Soc Nephrol2001; 12: 218-225

51. Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomized to double-blind treatment with long- acting calcium- channel blocker or diuretic in International Nifidipine GITS study: Intervention as a goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 2000; 356(9228): 366-372

52. Haroun NK, Jaar BG, Hoffman SC et al. Risk factors for chronic Kidney disease: a prospective study of 23.534 men and women in Washington Country, Maryland. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2934-2941

53. United States Renal Date System. Annual date report, 2001

54. United States Renal Data System. Annual date report, 2002

55. Fried ZF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BZ. Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis. Kidney Int2001; 59: 260-269

56. Schaeffner ES, Kurth T, Curhan GC et al. Cholesterol and the risk of renal dysfunction in apparently healthy men. J Am Soc Nephrol2003; 14: 2084-2091

57. Muntner P, Coresh J, Smith JC et al. Plasma lipids and risk of developing renal dysfunction: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Kidney Int2000; 58: 293-301

58. Chen J, Munter P, Hamm LZ et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Ann Intern Med2004; 140: 167-174

59. Tanaka H, Shiohira Y, Uezu Y et al. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in Okinawa, Japan. Kidney Int2006; 69(2): 369-374

60. Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Go AS. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2006 3;144(1): 21-28

61. Krikken JA, Lely AT, Bakker SJ, Navis G. The effect of a shift in sodium intake on renal hemodynamics is determined by body mass index in healthy young men. Kidney Int2007; 71(3): 260-265

62. Тугушева ФА, Зубина ИМ, Митрофанова ОВ. Оксидативный стресс и хроническая болезнь почек. Нефрология2007; 11 (3): 29-34

63. Vaziri ND. Oxidative stress in uremia: nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences. Semin Nephrol2004; 24(5): 469-473

64. Zalba G, Fortuсo A, Diez J. Oxidative stress and atherosclerosis in early chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant2006; 21: 2686-2690

65. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med2000; 23 342(12): 836-843

66. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 2000;101(15):1767-1772

67. Pai JK, Pischon T, Ma J et al. Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. N Engl J Med2004; 351(25):2599-2610; 60; 61

68. Owen WF, Lowrie EG. C-reactive protein as an outcome predictor for maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998; 54(2):627-636

69. Pereira BJ, Shapiro L, King AJ et al. Plasma levels of IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and their specific inhibitors in undialyzed chronic renal failure, CAPD and hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int1994; 45(3):890-896

70. Bassuk SS, Rifai N, Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: clinical importance. Curr Probl Cardiol2004; 29: 439-493

71. Keller CR, Odden MC, Fried LF et al. Kidney function and markers of inflammation in elderly persons without chronic kidney disease: the health, aging, and body composition study. Kidney Int2007; 71(3): 239-244

72. Anavekar NS, Pfeffer MA. Cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int2004; 66 [Suppl 92]: S11-S15

73. Zoccali C. Biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: utility and issues towards better understanding. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005;14 (6):532-537

74. Annuk M, Soveri I, Zilmer M et al. Endothelial function, CRP and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2005; 18(6):721-726

75. Romao JE Jr, Haiashi AR, Elias RM et al. Positive acute-phase inflammatory markers in different stages of chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol2006; 26(1): 59-66

76. Yoon JW, Pahl MV, Vaziri ND. Spontaneous leukocyte activation and oxygen-free radical generation in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2007; 71(2):167-172

77. Hцrl WH, Cohen JJ, Harrington JT et al. Atherosclerosis and uremic retention solutes. Kidney Int2004; 66(4):1719-1731

78. Locatelli F, Pozzoni P, Del Vecchio L. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Italy: Possible therapeutical approaches. J Nephrol2003; 16: 1-10

79. Muntner P, He J, Astor BC et al. Traditional and nontraditional risk factors predict coronary heart disease in chronic kidney disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Am Soc Nephrol2005;16:529-538

80. Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Iaina A.The role of anemia in the progression of congestive heart failure. Is there a place for erythropoietin and intravenous iron? J Nephrol2004;17(6):749-761

81. Шутов АМ, Саенко ЮВ. Плеотропные кардиопротективные эффекты эритропоэтина. Нефрология2006; 10(4): 18-22

82. Pinto-Siersma SJ, Mulder J, Janssen WM et al. Smoking is related to albuminuria and abnormal renal function in nondiabetic persons. Ann Intern Med2000; 133:585-591

83. Warmoth L, Regalado MM, Simoni J et al. Cigarette smoking enhances increased urine albumin excretion as a risk factor for glomerular filtration rate decline in primary hypertension. Am J Med Sci2005; 330(3): 111-119

84. Смирнов АВ, Седов ВМ, Лхаахуу Од-Эрдэнэ, Каюков ИГ и др. Снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации как независимый фактор риска сердечно-сосудистой болезни. Нефрология 2006; 10(4): 7-17

85. Кучер АГ, Каюков ИГ, Есаян АМ, Ермаков ЮА. Влияние количества и качества белка в рационе на деятельность почек. Нефрология2004; 8(2): 14-34

86. Кучер АГ, Каюков ИГ, Григорьева НД, Васильев АН. Лечебное питание на различных стадиях хронической болезни почек. Нефрология и диализ2007

87. Uribarri J, Tuttle KR. Advanced glycation end products and nephrotoxicity of high-protein diets. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 1(6):1293-1299

88. Wesson DE, Nathan T, Rose T, Simoni J, Tran RM. Dietary protein induces endothelin-mediated kidney injury through enhanced intrinsic acid production. Kidney Int2007 71(3):210-217

89. Lentine K, Wrone EM. New insights into protein intake and progression of renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004; 13(3): 333-336

90. Pecoits-Filho R. Dietary protein intake and kidney disease in Western diet. Contrib Nephrol2007;155:102-112

91. Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L et al. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: a summary of a statement for professionals from the american heart association nutrition committee. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26(8):1689-1692

92. Ritz E. Salt–friend or foe? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21(8): 2052-2056

93. Ritz E, Dikow R, Morath C, Schwenger V. Salt–a potential ‘uremic toxin’? Blood Purif2006; 24(1): 63-66

94. Burnier M, Phan O, Wang Q. High salt intake: a cause of blood pressure-independent left ventricular hypertrophy? Nephrol Dial Transplant2007; 22(9): 2426-2429

95. Goodman WG, London G, Amann K et al. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43(3): 572-579

96. Shoji T, Shinohara K, Kimoto E et al. Lower risk for cardiovascular mortality in oral 1alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 users in a haemodialysis population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19(1):179-184

97. Xiang W, Kong J, Chen S et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab2005; 288(1):E125-132

98. Nath KA, Hostetter MK, Hostetter TH. Pathophysiology of chronic tubulo-interstitial disease in rats. Interactions of dietary acid load, ammonia, and complement component C3. J Clin Invest1985; 76(2):667-675

99. Tang S, Sheerin NS, Zhou W, Brown Z, Sacks SH. Apical proteins stimulate complement synthesis by cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells.J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10(1): 9-76

100. Disthabanchong S, Radinahamed P, Stitchantrakul W, Hongeng S, Rajatanavin R. Chronic metabolic acidosis alters osteoblast differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells. Kidney Int2007; 71(3): 201-209

101. Каюков ИГ, Смирнов АВ, Добронравов ВА. Рентгеноконтрастная нефропатия. Нефрология 2007; 11(3): 93-101

102. Волгина ГВ. Контраст-индуцированная нефропатия: патогенез, факторы риска, стратегия профилактики (часть I). Нефрология и диализ2006; 8(1): 69-77

103. Волгина ГВ. Контраст-индуцированная нефропатия: патогенез, факторы риска, стратегия профилактики (часть II). Нефрология и диализ2006; 8(2): 176-183

104. Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, Greene T, Hebert LA, Hunsicker LG, King AJ, Klahr S, Massry SG, Seifter JL. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med1995; 15; 123(10):754-762

105. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: S1-S290

106. Joint Speciality Committee on Renal Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians and the Renal Association atRCoGP. Chronic Kidney Disease in adults: UK guidelines for management and referral. Royal College of Physicians, London: 2006

107. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA2003; 289(19): 2560-2572

108. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, Potter JF, Sever PS, McG Thom S; British Hypertension Society. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the fourth working party of the British Hypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens2004;18(3): 139-185

109. Summary of the 2007 European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Vasc Health Risk Manag2007;3(6):783-795

110. Maki DD, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Kasiske BL. Long-term effects of antihypertensive agents on proteinuria and renal function. Arch Intern Med1995;155(10):1073-1080

111. Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogeorgakis S, Vallance P, Smeeth L, Hingorani AD, MacAllister RJ. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2005; 366 (9502): 2026-2233

112. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, Landa M, Maschio G, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D, Shahinfar S, Toto R, Levey AS; AIPRD Study Group. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(4): 244-252

113. He J, Whelton PK. Elevated systolic blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular and renal disease: overview of evidence from observational epidemiologic studies and randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 1999; 138(3 Pt 2): 211-219

114. Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM et al. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123(10):754-762

115. MacKinnon M, Shurraw S, Akbari A et al. Combination therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker and an ACE inhibitor in proteinuric renal disease: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety data. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48(1): 8-20

116. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 330(13):877-884

117. Hansen HP, Tauber-Lassen E, Jensen BR, Parving HH. Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int2002 Jul; 62(1):220-228

118. Meloni C, Morosetti M, Suraci C, Pennafina MG, Tozzo C, Taccone-Gallucci M, Casciani CU. Severe dietary protein restriction in overt diabetic nephropathy: benefits or risks? J Ren Nutr2002;12(2): 96-101

119. Pijls LT, de Vries H, van Eijk JT, Donker AJ. Protein restriction, glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr2002; 56(12):1200-1207

120. Meloni C, Tatangelo P, Cipriani S et al. Adequate protein dietary restriction in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with chronic renal failure. J Ren Nutr2004; 14(4):208-213

121. Mitch WE. Dietary therapy in CKD patients – the current status. Am J Nephrol 2005; 25[suppl.1]: 7-8

122. Prakash S, Pande DP, Sharma S et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy of ketodiet in predialytic chronic renal failure. Ren Nut2004; 14(2): 89-96

123. Teschan PE, Beck GJ, Dwyer JT et al. Effect of a ketoacid-aminoacid-supplemented very low protein diet on the progression of advanced renal disease: a reanalysis of the MDRD feasibility study. Clin Nephrol1998; 50(5):273-283

124. Macdougall IC, Temple RM, Kwan JT. Is early treatment of anaemia with epoetin-alpha beneficial to pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients? Results of a multicentre, open-label, prospective, randomized, comparative group trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant2007; 22(3):784-93

125. Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, Eckardt KU, Macdougall IC, Tsakiris D, Burger HU, Scherhag A; CREATE Investigators. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med2006; 355(20): 2071-2084

126. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, Barnhart H, Sapp S, Wolfson M, Reddan D; CHOIR Investigators. Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 355(20): 2085-2098

127. Национальные Рекомендации по лечению анемии. М., 2007

128. Смирнов АВ. Дислипопротеидемии и проблемы нефропротекции. Нефрология2002; 6(2): 8-14

129. Joint Speciality Committee on Renal Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians and the Renal Association atRCoGP. Chronic Kidney Disease in adults: UK guidelines for identification, management and referral. Royal College of Physicians, London: 2006