The article provides an overview of the literature on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory criteria, various options of antiphospholipid syndrome.

In the review the unresolved questions of classification, epidemiology, risks factors, diagnostic and outcomes of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury in children are discussed.

Current review provides a multifaceted analysis of development of insulin resistance in extra accumulation of lipids and renal function in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disturbances. Causes of obesity and insulin resistance in early ontogenesis elucidated. Significance of early diagnosis of insulin resistance and its correction in acquired kidney diseases in children emphasized.

In the experimental simulations bacterial vesico-ureteral reflux of rats, the results of the morphological studies at individuals gave us the possibility to identify various non-typical structural-anatomic changes in the renal-ureteral complex at 1, 3 and 6 months and to clarify the definite morphological status of the structural components of the kidneys at the individuals. The severity of the morphofunctional changes in renal parenchyma is interconnected with the severity and the duration of the VUR and the inflammatory process with the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. High levels of Ang II and TGF-ß1 in the urine of rats receiving no inhibitors reflects the severity of sclerotic changes in the renal tissue. Early administration of inhibitors for the purpose of the blockade of Ang II and renoprotection, reduce the formation of fibrosis tissue in the kidneys by reducing the production of extracellular matrix by fibroblasts and profibrogenic growth factors, but do not eliminate already formed foci sclerosis.

Clinical observation of patient with severe hypertension consequence of generalized arterial calcification. Literature review: diagnosis and treatment.

The article provides an overview of modern approaches of treatment of enuresis in children, developed the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS). The article considers the main stages of pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnostic algorithm of primary enuresis in children. Detail the principles of therapy, including from the point of view of pathogenesis.

The article represents the results of a study for serum and urine levels of lipocalin-2 and cystatin C in100 infants with different gestational age suffered from acute kidney injury (AKI) of 1st-3rd stage and in 20 preterm babies without acute kidney injury. In addition, the carnitine metabolism features in infants with AKI that occurred during a neonatal period were reflected. In order to do this there were the level of free L-carnitine and the ratio of free L-carnitine and acetylcarnitine determined. The ways of possible treatment with the use of energotropic drugs were also presented.

The article presents the epidemiological evaluation by the Enterococcus faecalis features, described microbiological characteristics bacterium, including pathogenicity factors, presented clinical features of the infection of the urinary system in children, caused by uropathogen, results of studies of phenotypic properties, adhesive activity and virulence factors of urinary isolates of Enterococcus faecalis.

The early exposure of perinatal nephropathies and estimating of diagnostic value of newborns with infectious-inflammatory pathology urine chemiluminescence (CL) registration method and method wedge dehydration of urine were the purposes of this study. The increased intensity of urine CL and wedge dehydration of urine was exposed in 81% of case (in 174 of 217 babies). The changes of urin luminescence preceded the increasing of creatinine and urea concentration of blood, the appearance of edematous and urinous syndromes. The method is recommended for the detection of drag-induced nephropathies at the stage of borderline state. Test-sensitivity of urine CL registration at diagnostics of a kidney pathology at neonatal period is 87,5%, specificity - 94,1%, accuracy - 83,6%. Method wedge dehydration of urine can be used for early differentiation of the various forms of perinatal nephropathies.

THE AIM: To study catamnesis of children and adolescents with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: we performed a genealogical analysis of 48 families, clinical laboratory, ultrasound (US) 98 members of 48 families in which at least one child (the proband) was observed with a diagnosis of «PKD». To determine age by the detection of cysts based on US , the features of the initial clinical manifestations and course, complications and outcome depending on the type of inheritance conducted follow-up study of 64 children and adolescents (from 48 families) with PKD aged 1 month to 18 years (mean age 13.5±4.5 years). The remoteness from the time of diagnosis of PKD by the time catamnesis in 64 children and adolescents ranged from 1 month to 17 years. RESULTS: Of the 64 children and adolescents autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is diagnosed in 71.9%, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) in 15.6%, unspecified polycystic kidney disease (UPKD) in 12.5% of cases. With age in patients with ADPKD there is a continuous increase of the diameter of cysts in the kidneys. The children with ARPKD revealed a progressive increase in the volume of the kidneys and the number of small cysts. The rate of detection of cysts in other organs (liver, pancreas, ovaries) in children and adolescents with ARPKD, significantly higher than that in patients with ADPKD and UPKD (70%, 6.5% and 0%, respectively). The syndrome of arterial hypertension is development in patients with ARPKD in 100% (40% at birth to 60% in infants), that it is in contrast to patients with ADPKD 32.6% of cases (moving to 100% in adults members of families with ADPKD aged 25 to 50 years). Pyelonephritis is diagnosed in children with ARPKD in 80% of cases, significantly more frequently than in children and adolescents with ADPKD (32.6%) and UPKD (37.5%). ARPKD is characterized by adverse prognosis, the outcome in chronic renal failure (90%) and deaths (30%) in the first year of life. The progression of chronic renal failure in childhood when ADPKD was significantly less (4.3%). CONCLUSION: the identified features of the initial manifestations, course and outcome of PKD in children with different types of inheritance of the disease.

AIM: ïhe purpose of investigation is to study the characteristics clinico-immunological manifistations and therapy of nephrotic syndrome (NS), associated with persistant herpesvirus infection of 1/2, 4, 5 types in children with clinical manifistations of allergy and/or sensibilization to allergens. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 40 children from 1 to 18 years old are included in investigation. The methods are: morphological, immunoserological, immunocytochemical and immunohystochemical. Flow cytometry method used for investigation of lymphocytes subsets (33 patients). RESULTS: Тhe active herpesvirus infection of 1/2, 4, 5 types is revealed in 83% of all children with NS, clinical symptoms of allergy - in 67,5%, latent sensibilization to allergens in 32,5%; decreased level of antivirus protection-in 68,8%, the secondary immunodeficiency state - in 43,8% (active stage of NS). CONCLUSION: The NS, assotiated with herpesvirus infection of 1/2, 4, 5 types is characterized by immune disturbances, which affect the cell-mediated immune responce, which antivirus immunity is provided in normal state. The role of flow cytometry method in diagnostics of immunological disturbances is demonstrated, the use of antivirus and immunomodulatory therapy is argumented.

THE AIM. To test the hypothesis of the association of quality of life (QOL) scores with the risk of cardiovascular death in hemodialysis (HD) pts population. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Two hundred and fifty five prevalent HD pts were enrolled in the long-term prospective observational study. Patient’s baseline QOL scores assessed by SF-36 and clinical variables were measured to evaluate their relationships with cardiovascular death. Thirty nine pts whose causes of death remained unknown were excluded from the final analysis. The mean follow-up period was 65,7±48,3 months. RESULTS. Baseline scores of six QOL scales were significantly lower in the group of pts who died from cardiovascular complications during the follow-up period (n=71) compared with the combined group of those were alive or died from other causes. Differences in Mental Health and Role Emotional scores between groups were not significant. Physical Functioning score (PF) had a significant association with the risk of cardiovascular death in HD patients in multivariable Cox proportional-hazard model adjusted by other clinical confounders (ExpB (95% confidence interval) =0,987 (0,975-0,998), p=0,025). CONCLUSION. Physical Functioning score (PF) appeared to be the independent predictor of fatal cardiovascular events in the population of prevalent HD pts.

The editorial presents medical, scientific, pedagogical Outstanding figures pediatric- nephrology , honored scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department Faculty Pediatrics of the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute/ Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical Academy Albert Vazgenovich Papayan (1936-2002).