Renal stone disease (uriolithiasis) is associated with salt metabolism disorder which promote formation of oxalate and mixed-type urinary concrements, e.g., hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, urinary citrate deficiency. Imbalanced salt-stabilizing functions of urinary proteins (in particular, Tamm-Horsfall protein, the major urinary protein with uroprotective and antimicrobial functions) are regarded as supplementary factors of occasional lythogenesis. Moreover, a sufficient role of local infections with urease-producing microorganisms (Proteusmirabilis, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Ureaplasma urealyticum etc.) is currently under consideration, as a reason of ammonium- and calcium phosphate stones ("infectious urolithiasis"). Invasive and cytotoxic properties of pathogenic bacterial strains lead to damage of urogenital mucosal surfaces, whereas urease production promotes urine alcalinization and formation of struvite stones. Meanwhile, some bacteria (e.g., Oxalobacter formigenes and some other intestinal microbes) are able to destroy oxalates, and therefore, are uroprotectants. Therefore, some microbial species being controlled by local immune mechanisms, have a sufficient significance both for development of urolithiasis, and for potential prevention of recurring.

Homocysteine (Hcy) is sulfurcontaining aminoacide and its high level (hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy) is a predictor of unfavorable event of diseases. Biochemical bases of influence of HHcy to the development and progression of chronic renal disease and cardiovascular complications are discussed in this review. Correction ways of HHcy are presented.

At renal disorder great value is given to dietotherapy. However there is a lot of obscure in concept about effect on kidney state not only of different amount of dietary protein but also its qualitative composition. Modern data about possible mechanisms of soyameal high-protein diet renoprotective effect is generalized in this review. Own data specifying on renoprotective effect of diet with soya proteins is cited.

Osteocalcin is a vitamin K-dependent protein secreted by osteoblasts. In vitamin K deficiency the fraction of the inactive, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is increased. Chronic kidney disease is associated with bone loss and there is evidence for a sub-optimal status of vitamin K in renal patients. THE AIM of the present study was to assess the vitamin K status in postmenopausal hemodialysis patients based on their ucOC level with the background idea to substantiate the need of vitamin K supplementation. PATIENTS AND METHODS. 78 postmenopause women were divided into 3 groups: 1) women on hemodialysis; 2) a control group with normal bone mineral density; 3) osteoporosis group. Serum ucOC was measured immunochemically. Osteoporosis was verified by DEXA scan of the radius. RESULTS. Serum ucOC in hemodialysis women was significantly increased in comparison with control and osteoporosis group, which did not differ significantly between each other. In hemodialysis patients, a strong positive correlation was found between ucOC and parathormone and between ucOC and hemodialysis duration. CONCLUSION. The increase of ucOC in hemodialysis postmenopausal patients may indicate a severe vitamin K deficit, but other factors may also contribute. Therefore, additional investigation is needed to justify supplementation with vitamin K in these patients.

Last years researchers of different countries pay more attention to questions of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) usage for patients with prostate carcinoma treatment (PC). It is a belief that HIFU-therapy is prescribed and can be applied at all PC stages: at localized forms if curative prostatectomy is impossible and also at occurrence of local relapse and as additional treatment directed on tumor tissue mass reduction. Analysis of literature statistics shows that HIFU-therapy is connected with low risk of postoperative complications progression, is easier tolerated by patients. This treatment can be prescribed as primary at PC particularly it is recommended to elderly patients (elder than 70 years) with PC at T₁-T₂ NoMo stage, with score <7 points on Gleason scale, PSA level in blood plasma < 15 ng/ml and prostate volume < 40 cm³. At these patients biochemical, local recurring, metastasis spread risk is lower, and also cancerospecific and 5 years disease free survival factor is higher. Thus further investigation of HIFU-therapy late results is still actual and also usage of this method combined with other applied methods at PC.

THE AIM of the research was investigation of Prostagut-forte phytogenic drug efficiency in treatment of BPH patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Treatment was provided for 86 patients with BPH, clinically manifested by symptoms of lower urinary tract. All patients were assigned 1 capsule of prostagut-forte (280 mg) 2 times a day during 6 months as monotherapy. RESULTS. Obtained data shown efficiency of prostagut-forte usage at patients with BPH. 68 patients (79,1%) at the end of treatments 1 month pointed out symptomatology improving. In quoted period score decreasing on I-PSS scale compounds accordingly - 31,9%,-38,6% and -41%. The subjective improvement accompanied by increasing of measurements characterising urine outflow from urinary bladder. Maximal urine flow speed average increased on +30,8% and residual urine volume decreased on -48,4% to the end of treatment. Evidential prostate size and PSA level alteration is not noticed during treatment. Most quick effect was noticed at first therapy month. CONCLUSION. Provided research approved that prostagut-forte prescription inspires clinical BPH appearances intensity decreasing. Prostagut-forte therapeutic action based on occurrence antiandrogenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect in preparation. Application during treatment of patients with BPH may consider pathogenetic reasonably, as long as it influences on basic disease pathogenesis component.

THE AIM. The purpose of the research was to study thyroid status in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) in relapse and remission. PATIENTS AND METHODS. The study included 44 children with SSNS in active period (n=10) and in remission (n=38). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (T3), anti-microsomal antibody, anti-thyroglobulin antibody were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS. Six from 10 patients in active period of SSNS had elevated TSH levels (7,95±3,23 uIU/ml). Four patients among them had normal T4 and FT4 levels: latent hypothyroidism was diagnosed. Two of six patients with severe hypoalbuminaemia had the reduction of T4 and FT4: hypothyroidism was diagnosed. In remission of SSNS were examined 38 patients. All patients had TSH, T4 and FT4 within normal range, including 4 children with hypothyroidism in relapse of SSNS. Autoimmune thyroiditis was diagnosed in three children. The mean serum T4 concentration was lower (p<0,05) and TSH higher (p<0,05) in relapse than in remission of SSNS. Т4 showed a moderate positive correlation with the serum total protein and albumin (p<0,01). Serum albumin showed a significant negative correlation with the TSH (p<0,01). T4 showed a moderate negative correlation with the cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (p<0,01). CONCLUSION. The exchanges of thyroid status as a hypothyroidism are detected in active period of SSNS in children. The hypothyroidism is associated with proteinuria and hypoalbuminaemia and is reversible. Autoimmune thyroiditis in children with SSNS was diagnosed in 6,8% of cases.

THE AIM - investigation of neurophysiological, nephrological status characteristics and lipidological factors at liquidators of Chernobyl accident consequences as markers of premature senility. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Nephrological, neurophysiological and lipidological examination of 41 member of Chernobyl accident consequences rectification and 30 patients from control group with similar age was done. Cerebral hemodynamics speed characteristics decreasing and doplerografic indexes increasing relate to cerebral hemodynamics features. It testifies about cerebral hemodynamics insufficiency and decreasing of compensation abilities bandwidth reduction in response to radiant and non radiant stressors. CONCLUSION. Evident structural-functional changes in cerebrovascular system and kidneys occur at patients of elder age groups because of small radiation doses influence.

New noninvasive express method of kidneys functional activity specification, based on research of minimal peripheral blood volume, was developed, tested and introduced in clinical practice. Spin probe parametrization method in blood serum of 177 patients with prior and secondary kidney diseases shown its advantage over traditional methodics in reference to nephron pathology incipient identification. Renal disfunction incipient diagnostic at patients with some systrmic diseases (diabetes, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, etc.) will provide nephroprotective (protective) therapy, decrease patient census with severe kidney failure and reduce expensive methods of extrarenal blood elimination employment.