From the moment of the discovery of HCV the certain interconnection between persisting chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and renal damage, which is one of the most meaningful clinical manifestations of HCV and of a great importance for clinical nephrological practice, became obvious. So, was shown the clear prevalence of HCV antibodies in patients with renal pathology in comparison with blood donors in regions with high, as well as low total spread of HCV, and also in patients with acute and chronic nephropathies after renal transplantation. Besides that, in patients with HCV transplantation failure, the development of membranosous proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) and membranosous nephropathies de novo take place more often. The higher spread of glomerular as well as tubolointerstinal damages in patients with HCV associated forms of glomerulopathies is shown. Clinically in patients with HCV, reliably more often such laboratory markers of the proximal part of nephron damage as microalbuminuria and significant proteinuria are revealed. The obvious association of chronic HCV infection with the development of glomerulopathies is also supported by lifetime and autopsy morphological investigations, pointing on the high extend of glomerular damage in such population of patients, reaching up to 55-71 %. And finally, the connection between HCV and renal damage is also supported by the observation of positive dynamics of renal symptoms with the use of successful antivirus therapy. With that, the analysis ofthe scientific reports and personal experience of the authors of the article, give evidence of an obvious clinical and morphological significance of heterogeneity of HCV associated renal damage, depending on various mechanisms, separate clinical-pathogenic variants of which are discussed in present article.

The deficiency of active form of vitamin D - calcitriol (CT) is determined on the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progresses with the decrease of glomerular filtration rate as a result of its synthesis in proximal channels. The decrease of CT level is a result of CKD and at the same time speeds up its progression.  In investigational studies and in animal experiments the mechanisms of action of CT were determined: anti-inflammatory, inhibition of mesangial cell and glomerular podocytes proliferation, decrease in activity of rennin-angiotensin system,  prevention of glomerular hypertrophy,  decrease in proteinuria, production of fibrogenic cytokines, the block of epithelial-mesenchimal transformation of tubular epithelium and activation of myofibroblasts. Thanks to such effects, CT inhibits the progression of glomerular and tubulointestinal fibrosis and by that slows down the progression of CKD. With that there are no prospective studies, proving the renoprotective effect with the use of proven endpoint results.

This literature review deals with modern methods of oxalate nephrolythiasis modeling. For this day the most actual models of oxalate are ethilenglicolic and hydroxyproline nephrolythiasis in various modifications. Besides that, there are methods in which as a basic agents act the solutions of oxalate-ion in combination with nephrotoxic agents. Sometimes nephrolythiasis is modeled with the use of intercuteneous minipumps, which directly doze into the blood stream of experimental animal models the oxalate sorrel solution; and also by resection of the part of small bowel. In modeling of the oxalate nephrolythiasis great attention is given to the animal models choice. More often the normal rats of various lines are used, and also the rats with congenital hypercalciuria. Also, it is preferable to use the male animals, because of the possibility of nephrolythiasis development is higher than in female animals.

THE AIM of the investigation: on the basis of the investigation of the dynamics of clinical and laboratory data to give a complex evaluation of the effectiveness of predilutionary hemofiltration in ESRD. PATIENTS AND METHODS. The total number of investigated patients was 86. After randomization, 46 patients were picked, and divided into two groups: main group (25 patients) instead of hemodyalisis procedure had an predilutionary on-line hemofiltration of the mean of 12,5 hours per week. The control group (21 patient) had chronic hemodyalisis of the same duration. The observation on the main (HDF) and control (CG) groups was made during 1,5 month – 6 weeks – 20 sessions of RRT. The most often cause for the development of the terminal stage of HRF, in the main group patients with was chronic glomerulonephritis (74%), chronic pielonephritis (4%), renal polycystosis (8%), diabetes (4%), system vasculitis (8%); in the control group patients – glomerulonephritis (71%), chronic pielonephritis (14%), renal polycystosis (10%), diabetes (6%). RESULTS. The positive effect of predilutionary on-line hemofiltration on the data that characterizes the hemodynamic stability and dialysis doze (p<0,001), the increase of LPLD was noted (p<0,004), also was noted the decrease in the level of total homocystein (p<0,001) and C-reactive protein (p<0,002). The reliable decrease in the dilatational level of phosphate (p<0,0015) and parathyroid hormone (p<0,003) was noted, and also a valuable increase in the red blood values. A decrease of the total protein level and plasma albumin in patients receiving HDF therapy was observed. CONCLUSION. The use of predilutionary on-line hemofiltration during the 1,5 month has a complex positive effect on the majority of the values of the substance exchange in the patients with terminal renal failure.

THE AIM of the study: to develop a method of hemodyalisis evaluation without determination of the concentration of nitrogen-including metabolites in blood samples of patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS. 16 patients, receiving a standard bicarbonate dialysis were evaluated on the Bellco Formula 2000, Hospital Integra, Fresenius 4008 apparatus during 3,5-4,5 hours. Such data as arterial pressure, weight, ultra filtration coefficient, creatinine, uremic acid, potassium, calcium, sodium and phosphate blood concentration, the degree of uremic acid decrease, efficiency of hemodyalisis was recorded and evaluated on the Kt/V basis. By ozonochemoluminiscating method on the OSM-2 apparatus the amount of organic substances in the samples of worked out dialysis solution during the session was determined. RESULTS. The received curves of ozonolisis for all samples of used materials were received. The coefficients of the correlation of the intensiveness of ozonochenoluminiscation of the used dialysis material and biochemical blood values of the patients were counted up. It was shows that Spirman range correlation between the relationship of the intensity of chemoluminisation and uremic acid and creatinine is reliable rather strong, the Pirson coefficient is also rather valuable, the Rendell range correlation is also reliable. CONCLUSION. The use in hemodyalisis practice of such method is potentially possible and individualize the procedure.

THE AIM of the investigation was to certain the interrelation between the decrease of kidney function and atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). PATIENTS AND METHODS. 340 patients with CHF (200 – male, 140 – female, mean age 58 ±13 years) were evaluated. The cause of CHF in 44 (13%) patients was arterial hyperpressure, in 122 (33%) – IHD, in 184 (54%) their combination. 66 (19%) had diabetes and 180 (53%) had myocardial infarction. The speed of glomerular filtration (SGF) was counted by MDRD formulae. 30 patients had paroxysmal/ persisting AF and 27 – persistent atrial fibrillation. RESULTS. SGF was 68, 8 ± 20,9 ml/min/1,73 m² (19,2 – 149,7 ml/min/1,73 m²) and in 114 (34%) patients it was < 60 ml/min/1,73 m². In most patients – 250 (74%) of the left ventricular ejection fraction stayed the same (EF > 50%). Patients with decreased kidney function had higher diameter of the left ventricular. SGF was lower in patients with AF, than without AF (58,8 ±14,2 against 69,1 ± 18,8 l/min/1,73m², accordingly, p<0.001). Logistical regression analysis showed that CKD (relative risk: 2,3: reliable interval: 95%; 1,2 – 4,3), functional class CHF (OR: 1,8; RI: 95%; 1,0[1]3,1) were independently associated with atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION. So the presence of atrium fibrillation in patients with CHF is associated with decrease of the functional state of the kidneys – the patients with CKD should be perceived as patients at risk for the atrial fibrillation development.

THE AIM of the investigation is the evaluation of urinary syndrome in HIV-infected patients in the stage of AIDS and in determining the causes and results of its development. PATIENTS AND METHODS. We evaluated the state of kidney changes in 100 patients, at the Regional Center of prophylactics and fight against AID of Odessa. The presence of urinary syndrome was judged after the determination of protein, erythrocytes, leucocytes and cylinders values in urine. The concentration of creatinine and uremic acid was also kept in mind. RESULTS. The evaluation of the state of the kidney function showed that the presence of urinary syndrome was an often clinical sign of HIV-infection. So the urinary syndrome was noted in 71 patient (71%). The main clinical form where the signs of urinary syndrome are registered is pielonephritis. With that, the urinary syndrome is noted in 19 patients, without clinical signs of pielonephritis. CONCLUSION. So in patients with AIDS one of the main concomitant pathology is pielonephritis, and urinary syndrome is noted in the majority of patients (71%). The urinary syndrome is registered in part of the patients formore than three month, which supports the formation of chronic kidney disease in patients with AIDS.

THE AIM. To evaluate the features of the coefficient changes of phospholipid - phospholipid ratio and intensity of POL processes in erythrocyte membrane of ESRD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS. The membranes of erythrocytes of 44 ESRD patients at the age of 18 to 70 years old were evaluated. As the control we used the blood of 22 practically healthy donors of the same age group. The fractioning of individual PL was done by means of thin layer chromatography. The activity of POL was determined by the reaction of the malone dialdegid (MDA) with tiobarbiturate acid. RESULTS. Was determined that in erythrocyte membranes of ESRD patients was significant increase in coefficient ratio of LPH/PH; PI/PH and decrease – PH/PA, PA/PA with simultaneous increase in the intensiveness of POL processes. CONCLUSION. The evaluation of the state of phospholipids and protein components of biomembranes can give additional information on lipid-lipid interconnection, which plays an important role in pathogenesis of ESRD.

THE AIM of the investigation was the efficiency increase in of the treatment of patients with blunt kidney damage on the basis of long term results conducted during the hospitalization therapy depending on the character of damage and treatment method. PATIENTS AND METHODS. 259 patients with blunt kidney trauma, who were examined at the moment of urgent hospitalization immediately after the trauma, at the early and late posttraumatic period, were under observation. The conservative treatment took place in the primary hospitalization in 119 (45,9%) cases, and operative – in 140 (54,1%). The examination was complex and included clinical, laboratory, ultrasound and X-rays methods. RESULTS. In the late posttraumatic period a chronic pyelonephritis was diagnosed in 59,8% of the patients, in 8,9% was discovered a calculi in the damaged kidney, in 9,6% post traumatic renal cysts, in 7,7% sclerotizing paranephritis, in 3,9% hydro nephritis, 17,0% nephrogenic hypertension, in 47,5% was noted the decrease in the function of the damaged kidney. CONCLUSION. The indications for the organ saving treatment of the patients with blunt kidney damage should be widened, which leads to decrease in the complications in the late posttraumatic period.

THE AIM of the study was the evaluation of the influence of vitaprost on the frequency of the irritational urination dysfunction after the transurethral prostate gland resection in patients with benign hyperplasia of the prostate gland. PATIENTS AND METHODS. 704 patients with benign hyperplasia of prostate gland, with transurethral resection of the prostate gland were evaluated. 78 patients received vitaprost-forte in combination with antibiotics before the operation, and 626 just antibiotics. RESULTS. Irritation symptoms in the post-operative period were noticed in 3,8% of the patients who received vitaprost before the operation, and in 10,1% of the patients, who did not received vitaprost. CONCLUSION. Vitaprost-forte significantly decreases the frequency of the irritational urination disorders after transurethral resection of prostate gland in the patients with benign hyperplasia of prostate gland, which allows to recommend this medicine before the operative treatment to all patients with benign hyperplasia of prostate gland.

THE AIM of the investigation: to analyze the connection between clinical and biomechanical characters of androgen saturation and values, characterizing the state of prostate gland and urination in older age males. PATIENTS AND METHODS. 55 males of the age from 40 to 80 years old (mean age 61,1 ± 1,3 years) with urination disorders, with BHPG 43 patients (78%) and chronic prostatitis 12 (22%). Besides basic clinical methods, to all patients an evaluation of the prostatic specific antigen, total and free blood testosterone, ultrasound investigation of kidneys, urinary bladder and prostate gland, urofloumetry was performed. Patients filled out the IPSS and AMS questionnaire, which allowed to give a quantative evaluation of the complaints on the urinary disorders and of the age androgen deficiency syndrome. RESULTS. The biochemical signs of the state of androgen deficiency were noted in 46 (83%) of the patents in the evaluation of the total blood testosterone and in 19 (35%) patents in the analysis of the free testosterone level. In accordance with the AMS questionnaire results the symptoms of the androgen age deficiency were noted in 46 (84%) cases. The sensitivity of the AMS questionnaire on the exposure of the patients with androgen deficiency was 87%, and the specificity – 11%. With the higher values of testosterone level correlated higher age of the patients, volume of the prostate gland (r=0,32; p=0,035), higher duration of urinary act (r=0,35; p=0,041), higher volume of residual urine (r=0,31; p=0,041), higher frequency of uretheropyeloectasy (r=0,28; p=0,068) and chronic renal insufficiency (r=0,49; p=0,001). The low level of blood testosterone is more frequently noted in patients with the blood group AB (IV) (χ²= 15,9; p=0,001), chronic prostatitis (r=0,26; p=0,095), with sclerosis of prostate gland (r=0,25; p=0,096), and also with the presence of the inflammation signs at the urinary tract – leucocytes, mucosa and proteins (r=0,27; p=0,083, t=2,0; p=0,056 and t=2,59; p=0,015 accordingly. The reliability of the connections between the values of androgen blood concentration and the score amount of the IPSS and AMS questionnaire was lower than the base value (p>0,1), however, the accumulation symptoms were more expressed in men with testosterone deficiency (t=2,40; p=0,020). CONCLUSION. So in accordance with received data, there is a close connection between androgen saturation of the organism and the values, characterizing the urination act, where the prostate gland plays the key role.

THE AIM of the study to investigate the special features of angiogenesis of transitional cell cancer of urinary bladder and correlate them with clinical data, degree of differentiation and deep invasion of the tumor. PATIENTS AND METHODS. The retrospective analysis of clinically investigated 16 patients with transitional-cellular tumor of urinary bladder was conducted. The vessels of the tumor tissues were colored by means of immunohistochemical method with the use of CD34 antibodies. RESULTS. The depth of the invasion of the tumor Tis, Ta, T1, T2, T3, T4 and TX was detected in 1 (6 %), 2 (13 %), 1 (6 %), 2 (13 %), (13%), 2 (13 %) cases accordingly, and the stage of the differentiation G1, G2 and G3 – in 6 (36 %), 6 (36 %) and 4 (28 %) cases accordingly. With the lower stage of the differentiation of transitional cell carcinoma the amount of micro-vessels in the tumor tissues increased (r=0,68; p=0,04; rs=0,56; p=0,023; H=6,55; p=0,038; F=9,41; p=0,003). Tumors with moderate and low stage of the differentiation were reliably different by the density of micro-vessels (t=2,94; p=0,019). The comparative study of tumor tissue with the stages of differentiation G1 and G2 showed that they differ in the number of micro-vessels in the observation field inthe greatest extent (t=4,34; p=0,02; U=0,00; p=0,011). CONCLUSION. The conducted investigation allows to make the conclusion that the determination of the angiogenic activity of carcinoma of the urinary bladder can be a valuable factor for prognosis of the disease course. The determination of the intensity of the blood flow of the tumor allows us to suppose that it is closely connected with the differentiation stage of the transitional cell carcinoma and could be recommended as a clinic-morphological criteria, supplementing the current classification of the transitional-cellular tumor of urinary bladder.

The problems of the regulation of potassium homeostasis and mechanisms of renal transport of this cation, which functional changes could have an impact in the development of hypokalaemia conditions, including genetic ones, were evaluated. An overview of classification and clinical manifestations of hypokalaemia was made.

In determining the indications for combination treatment of patents with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with the blockers of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ARB) and antagonists of the angiotensin II receptors (ACEI), it is necessary to keep in mind the concomitant pathology, especially chronic heart insufficiency. Interdisciplinary approach is one of the possibilities, which is supported not only by nephrologists but also cardiologists. A wide discussion of possibilities and reasonability of combinational therapy of ARB and (ACEI) in patients with CHD keeping in mind the concomitant pathology with the statement of Russian nephrologists association is necessary. As it comes from today data, chronic heart insufficiency is not the reason for the refusal of such therapy.

85 years ago, in February 1923, died Wilhelm Röntgen, a prominent German physicist, the discoverer of X-rays. Prof. Röntgen (1845-1923) was born in Lennep (Germany) and graduated from the Polytechnical Institute of Zurich (Switzerland). Since 1888 he was a professor of the Department of Physics at the University of Wurzburg. Working in the laboratory with Crux tube on November 8, 1895, prof. Röntgen discovered the presence of invisible rays, which could pass through paper and wood. So he called these mysterious rays – X-rays. Röntgen also discovered the ability of these rays to interact with photographic film. And what was most incredible, the unknown rays passed through soft tissues and allowed to do the photographs of the bone structures under the skin tissue. Röntgen announced about his discovery in a famous article named «Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen» (About a new kind of radiation), which was published in «Annalen der Physik und Chemie» (The annals of physics and chemistry), Wurzburg. X-rays were evaluated accordingly and were used in medicine already after one month of their discovery. In 1901 Röntgen was awarded by the Nobel prize in physics. In his honor this rays were named Röntgen rays.