In the second part of the review we discussed questions of the functions of osteocytes, bone-lining cells and osteoclasts, as well as their interaction. The processes of modeling and remodeling of bone are discussed.

The article before release of G.Schulman, R.Vanholder, T.Niwa there are described data received in 1980-1990s of manufactured in USSR sorbents SKN usage for CKD patients therapy by enterosorption. Provided results of evaluation of uremic toxins concentration in different gastrointestinal tract departments in animals with experimental uremia and patients with CKD. Carbon sorption capacity loss under its transit through gaster is noticed. “Enterosorption” term is established because maximal concentration of uremic toxins at uremia particularly in small intestine. We regret that releases of domestic authors escaped observation which benighted method development progression. Provided for discussion ways of available sorbents administration modification.

Uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by promoting glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis with loss of nephrons and vascular damage. AST-120, an orally administered intestinal sorbent, adsorbs indole, a precursor of indoxyl sulfate, thereby reducing serum and urinary concentrations of indoxyl sul-fate. AST-120 has been available in Japan since 1991, and subsequently Korea (2005), and the Philippines (2010) as an agent to prolong the time to initiation of hemodialysis and for improve-ment of uremic symptoms in patients with CKD. A Medline search was performed to identify data supporting clinical experience with AST-120 for managing CKD. Prospective open-label and double-blind trials as well as retrospective analyses were included. In prospective trials and retrospective analyses, AST-120 has been shown to prolong the time to initiation of hemodialy-sis, and slow decline in glomerular filtration rate and the increase serum creatinine. In an initial randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the United States, AST-120 was associated with a significant dose-dependent reduction in serum indoxyl sulfate levels and a decrease in uremia-related malaise. The Evaluating Prevention of Progression in CKD (EPPIC) trials, two double-blind, placebo-controlled trials undertaken in North America/Latin America and Europe, are evaluating the efficacy of AST-120 for preventing the progression of CKD. The results of the EPPIC trials will further define the role of AST-120 in this debilitating condition.

Literature review summarizes data of controlled and retrospective studies on efficiency of cytostatic therapy (alkylating agents, calcineurin inhibitors, nucleotide synthesis inhibitors) for frequently relapsing steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome with steroid toxicity in children.

For more than three hundred years of studying of the electric current impact on the nerve and muscle tissue the electrotherapy opportunities has significantly expanded. In recent decades, a combination of progress in electronics and data processing and miniaturization of medical devices have discovered the way to modern methods of electrical stimulation and their implementation in different areas. Currently, bilateral epicutaneous electromyostimulation (BEEM) is extensively used in sports and space medicine, in the practice of cardiac, pulmonary, neurological patients. Recently BEEM technique has found its application in rehabilitation of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis renal replacement therapy. This review summarizes the currently existing modalities of electrotherapy, main areas of BEEM application and proven effects of this method.

THE AIM. To define if quality of life (QOL) variables are associated with long-term overall survival of hemodialysis (HD) pts in Russia. PATIENTS AND METHODS. A long-term prospective study of 255 HD pts was conducted. Patient’s baseline QOL scores and clinical variables were measured to evaluate their predictive value for overall survival. QOL was assessed by SF-36. RESULTS. Median of the follow-up period was 45,9 (22,3; 91,3) months with maximum upto 13,8 years. Baseline scores of seven of the eight QOL scales were significantly lower in pts who died during the period of observation (n=133) compared with those alive. The difference of Mental Health scores between the groups was not significant. Physical Functioning score (PF) was a significant independent predictor of long-term overall survival of HD patients in multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model adjusted for other potential confounders. Other QOL scores were not independently associated with long-term survival. CONCLUSION. Physical Functioning score (PF) was found to be the independent prognostic index of long-term survival in HD pts.

THE AIM - to identify the sonography picture features in pregnant women with somatic pathology and without it. PATIENTS AND METHODS. 401 complex clinical examination of pregnant women aged from 18 to 46 years with somatic pathology were performed: group 1 with gestational hypertension, group 2 with essential arterial hypertension. The control group consisted of 152 pregnant women. All patients were examined impatiently and outpatiently according to diagnostic standards. RESULTS. The length and thickness of kidneys remained the most constant parameters in main groups during gestation and after it (p> 0.05). The volume of kidney in comparison of control group increased up to second trimester of pregnancy: in 1 group at the expense of left kidney width, in 2 group at the expense of right kidney. Dilation of right kidney pelvis was more significant in 2 group with chronical arterial hypertension. Diameter of the cups was significantly increased in comparison with the control and with the same parameters in group 2. CONCLUSION. Changes of the kidneys detected by ultrasonic biometrics, and anthropometric parameters are statistically significantly interrelated and reflect the kidneys remodeling during gestation stages in both pregnancy women with gestation and chronic arterial hypertension.