In literature review are presented the epidemiology, causes, features of courses, outcome of acute kidney injury after hemopoietic stem cell transplantation in children.

This article provides an assessment of risk factors for early development of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis (LN). The contribution to the development of early disturbances of immune inflammation, metabolic imbalance, arterial hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid intima-media thickness showed.

THE AIM. To reveal the informative indicators for the prediction of progression of reflux nephropathy in children with vesicoureteral reflux based on the study of the urinary excretion of markers of sclerosis (transforming growth factor-β₁), angiotensin II, procalcitonin, β₂-microglobulin) and collagenopathy (peptidoglycans and free hydroxyproline). PATIENTS AND METHODS: the study group included 71 (52 girls) the patient at the age of 5.69±0.44 years with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Based on the results of DMSA-scintigraphy, all children were divided into 2 groups: the control group 9 children with VUR without foci of sclerosis and a study group included 62 patients with different degrees of reflux nephropathy (RN). The control group consisted of 20 healthy children at the age of 6.24 ± 0.31 years. In all children investigated the urinary excretion of AngII, TGF-β₁, PCT, β₂-MG, PSH and FH and counted it to the level of creatinine in the urine. RESULTS. Urinary levels of AngII, TGF-β₁, PCT, β₂-MG, PSH, and FH was significantly higher in groups of children with RN when compared with the control group. The highest level AngII, TGF-β₁, PCT was defined in the main group (p<0.05). Patients with a severe degree of RN, the ><0.05). Patients with a severe degree of RN, thelevel of AngII, TGF-β₁, PCT in urine was higher when compared with the control group and the group of children without foci of sclerosis (p<0.05). CONCLUSION. Installed direct correlation between the level of excretion AngII, TGF-β₁, PCT and the severity of RN in patients with VUR indicates the feasibility and prospects of their inclusion as diagnostic markers predict the severity of reflux nephropathy.

THE AIM to determine the level of DDR1 collagen receptors in the blood serum of children with chronic pyelonephritis (CP), depending on its forms. PATIENTS AND METHODS. 306 patients with CP in the stage of clinical and laboratory remission were examined. Age of patients is 6 to 16 years. In the structure of CP (p< 0,01) 246 (80,39%) patients predominated with secondary CP (SCP). There were 183 (74,39%) children with secondary obstructive CP (SOCP) and 63 (25,61%) children with secondary dysmetabolic CP (SDCP). 60 (19,61%) children suffered from primary CP (PCP). Human Discoidin Domain Receptors (DDR1) was determined in the blood serum by using a standard kit (TSZ Eliza, USA). RESULTS. DDR1 level increase (р<0,01) was determined in the blood serum of patients with SCP. Patients with PCP showed the collagen receptors level within reference values. Statistically significant difference of DDR1 blood serum values between patients with SOCP and SDCP (р><0,01) was determined. It was significantly higher than normal values by patients with SOCP, and within the conditional norm by patients with SDCP. The high->< 0,01) was determined in the blood serum of patients with SCP. Patients with PCP showed the collagen receptors level within reference values. Statistically significant difference of DDR1 blood serum values between patients with SOCP and SDCP (р< 0,01) was determined. It was significantly higher than normal values by patients with SOCP, and within the conditional norm by patients with SDCP. The high- est DDR1 concentrations was detected by children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the anamnesis. These values significantly exceeded not only the reference values, but also the level of DDR1 by patients with SOCP with a background of other obstructive uropathies (р< 0,001). CONCLUSION. The study of DDR1 is a promising direction aimed at preclinical diagnostics of structural changes in tubulointerstitial, associated with latent inflammatory process and sclerosing, by patients with SOCP.

THE AIM. Identify the frequency and nature of the combined congenital anomaly of kidney and urinary tract development in the structure of isolated and syndromic CAKUT syndrome in 100 children. PATIENTS AND METHODS. 100 children (57 boys and 43 girls) with CAKUT syndrome, aged 2 months to 17 years, were examined. RESULTS. Out of 100 patients, 94% were isolated and 6% had syndrome CAKUT syndrome. Stratification of stage of CKD C1–5 was performed taking into account the glomerular filtration rate in 85 children with CAKUT (aged 2–17 years), the predominance С1 (74%).

Vitamin D deficiency is characteristic for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). THE AIM: to study the prevalence of deficits of calcidiol in children with CKD, and to establish correlations with parathyroid hormone and other markers of bone mineral metabolism in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS. In the period from September 2015 to December 2016 we examined of calcidiol in 53 boys and 32 girls with CKD stages 2-5. The average age of the patients was 11.3+4,7 years. RESULTS. 92.5% of cases in children with CKD revealed a low level of calcidiol. Of them, 30.6% of children were in deficit of vitamin D. The incidence of vitamin D deficiency correlated with a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (r = 0.31; p<0.05). We identified an inverse relationship between calcidiol levels and serum parathyroid hormone, and calcium-phosphorous product (r= -0,29, and r= -0,31; p><0.05, respectively). Predictors of vitamin D deficiency may be hypoalbuminemia and hyperphosphaturia. CONCLUSION. Determination of vitamin D in children with CKD is extremely important for timely correction and prevention of the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Just started the correction of bone and mineral metabolism will improve the quality of life for children with CKD and prevent the development of such complications of hyperparathyroidism as bone deformation and vessels calcification. Keywords: CKD, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium x phosphorous product>< 0.05). We identified an inverse relationship between calcidiol levels and serum parathyroid hormone, and calcium-phosphorous product (r= -0,29, and r= -0,31; p< 0.05, respectively). Predictors of vitamin D deficiency may be hypoalbuminemia and hyperphosphaturia. CONCLUSION. Determination of vitamin D in children with CKD is extremely important for timely correction and prevention of the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Just started the correction of bone and mineral metabolism will improve the quality of life for children with CKD and prevent the development of such complications of hyperparathyroidism as bone deformation and vessels calcification.

THЕ AIM: to evaluate the efficacy of a herbal remedy containing herb extracts with roots and rhizomes of the small-leaved beetle (Iris tenuifolia), in the complex treatment of patients with CKD 2-3 stages. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 40 patients were included in the study, who received a phytocomplex within 3 months on the basis of the small-leaved tangent. The control group consisted of 10 patients. Biochemical blood counts were evaluated before and after the course of treatment. RESULTS: A significant decrease in the levels of creatinine, urea, cholesterol, potassium serum, an increase in the calculated glomerular filtration rate, the level of total protein and serum albumin in the patients of the main group was obtained. CONCLUSION: the obtained results indicate that the inclusion in the complex treatment of patients with CKD 2-3 stages of the phytocomplex on the basis of the small-leaved tinnitus has an effect that manifests itself in a decrease in the level of creatinine and urea, an increase in GFR, and optimization of protein and fat metabolism. It is necessary to study the long-term results of the use of herbal remedies on the basis of the finely carbuncled cacti and to determine the appropriateness and timing of repeated courses of treatment.

Microbial-inflammatory diseases of the urinary system are one of the most pressing health and social problems. Currently, there is an increase in the frequency of progressive forms of urinary tract infection in childhood and adolescence. Up to the present time remains the issue of criteria for early diagnosis of renal infection, sources of infection, verification of the source of the causative agent of pyelonephritis, mechanisms of formation and progression of IMS, and the basic treatment of pyelonephritis. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pyelonephritis is significantly associated with the depth and precision of knowledge about the etiology and mechanisms of development of renal infection. The article presents modern data on the etiology and pathogenetic mechanisms of forming renal infection in children. Described clinical features of urinary tract infection. Discussed diagnostic criteria, based on data of complex studies to confirm the source of infection of the urinary system and structural-functional criteria changes tubulo-interstitium of kidney with involvement of the Cup-pelvis-plating system, blood and lymph vessels of the kidneys. Proposed etiologic approach to diagnosis and treatment, taking into account the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of IMS and morpho-functional approach to the prediction of the flow and the choice of tactics of management of children with renal infection.

The article presents literature data on clinical and morphological manifestations of MYH9-associated Epstein syndrome, flowing with macrothrombocytopenia, sensorineural hearing loss, nephropathy. The pathogenetic foundations, clinical features, course, treatment and prognosis of MYH9-associated Epstein syndrome in children are discussed. The paper presents clinical observation confirmed by molecular genetic study MYH9-associated Epstein syndrome in an 8-year-old boy.

Deletion 12p (del12p; synonyms: рartial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 12; рartial monosomy of chromosome 12p; рartial monosomy of the short arm of chromosome 12) relates to orphan diseases (ORPHA: 316244; ICD-X: Q93.5) and is characterized by a variety of phenotypic manifestations. The connection of loci candidates 12 chromosome’s short arm with phenotypic manifestations at del12p is described over 40 years of, but rarely the subject of study was the pathology of the urinary system while del12p. M. Stumm et all (2007) indicate pelvic dystopia of cystic kidneys in this mutation. We describe the boy’s clinical observation with cystic kidney disease, the development of neonatal Acute Kidney Injury, with an outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease, lag in neurological and physical development, strabismus, atrial septal defect, micrognatia, laryngomalacia in the short arm interstitial deletions of 12 chromosomes.